What are the factors that contribute to brain drain in undeveloped countries?
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The factors contributing to brain drain in undeveloped countries are multifaceted, encompassing both push and pull dynamics. Push factors are conditions within the country that drive individuals to leave, while pull factors are attractive aspects of other countries that draw individuals towards them. Institutional quality plays a significant role in brain drain, with deficiencies in law enforcement, human rights, and governance pushing skilled workers to seek opportunities elsewhere. Similarly, economic instability, poor living standards, and inadequate infrastructure are identified as critical push factors, particularly in the context of Pakistan. The lack of employment opportunities, coupled with a desire for better quality of life and favorable business climates, further exacerbates the situation. The health sector in undeveloped countries faces its unique challenges, with low salaries, delayed payments, heavy workloads, and inadequate working conditions driving health professionals, including nurses, to migrate. Additionally, the allure of better salaries, safer working environments, and improved living conditions in developed countries acts as strong pull factors. Educational opportunities also influence brain drain, with the lack of further educational advancement and scholarship opportunities prompting students to leave their home countries, often not returning. Conditional scholarships have been implemented as a strategy to mitigate this issue, though they raise ethical concerns and may not be entirely effective. Moreover, unemployment, low GNI per capita, and political instability are negatively related to a country's capacity to retain talent, highlighting the economic and political dimensions of brain drain. These factors collectively underscore the complexity of brain drain in undeveloped countries, necessitating a multifaceted approach to address both the push and pull factors driving this phenomenon.
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| Papers (10) | Insight |
|---|---|
Open access 01 Jan 2019 | Factors contributing to brain drain in undeveloped countries include high unemployment rates (negative correlation), low GNI per capita, and political instability (positive correlations) based on the study. |
Open access•Journal Article 8 Citations | Factors contributing to brain drain in developing countries include low wages, poor working conditions, and seeking better opportunities abroad for improved salaries, safety, and living conditions. |
| Shortage of educational advancement opportunities is a key factor contributing to brain drain in underdeveloped countries, leading to the migration of highly educated individuals seeking better conditions abroad. | |
1 Citations | Factors contributing to brain drain in undeveloped countries like Afghanistan include security concerns, high cost of weddings, unemployment, educational scholarships abroad, and societal pressures according to the study. |
| Factors contributing to brain drain in developing countries include limited opportunities, better resources abroad, and the freedom to emigrate after fulfilling compulsory service obligations. | |
Open access•Dissertation 01 Apr 2018 2 Citations | Factors contributing to brain drain in developing countries like Malawi include low salaries, delays in payment, regionalism, heavy workload, lack of equipment, and favoritism among others. |
06 Oct 2020 2 Citations | Factors contributing to brain drain in developing countries like Pakistan include governance, financial stability, standard of living, and infrastructure, while social openness shows less impact. |
| Factors contributing to brain drain in undeveloped countries include low remuneration, limited staff development opportunities, poor equipment policies, political interference, high living standards, and inadequate housing. | |
| Pull factors, such as better opportunities and quality of life in developed countries, are the main contributors to brain drain among university students from undeveloped countries. | |
10 May 2023 | Weak institutional quality, such as poorly enforced law and order and unmet basic human rights, contributes to brain drain in undeveloped countries by driving skilled workers to seek opportunities elsewhere. |
Related Questions
What factors contribute to the marginalization of highly educated individuals in developing countries?4 answersMarginalization of highly educated individuals in developing countries is influenced by various factors. Social and educational exclusion, unequal distribution of resources and opportunities, and cumulative disadvantages contribute to the marginalization of these individuals. Historical and contemporary education structures, colonial and postcolonial policies, and the favoring of certain groups over others further perpetuate marginalization. Social positioning and ingrained dominant group norms can create systems and cultures of inequities that result in barriers to opportunities for marginalized groups. Disparities in attainment and opportunity, as highlighted by the OECD report, put children at risk of marginalization. Marginalization is also related to objective and subjective inequalities, such as location, accessibility, wealth distribution, and power distribution. These factors collectively contribute to the marginalization of highly educated individuals in developing countries.
What are the effects of brain drain on the economic development of a country?4 answersBrain drain, or the emigration of highly educated individuals and skilled professionals from low-income economies to more prosperous ones, has significant effects on the economic development of a country. It leads to a loss of human capital and skilled workers, which can hinder economic growth and development. The brain drain phenomenon is felt differently in different countries and regions, with varying degrees of impact. In some cases, it can result in heterogeneous welfare losses for the low-skilled population. The brain drain also poses a threat to the aging of the population, economic potential, and economic development of a country. However, there are potential benefits to international migration, such as personal remittances inflow, which can boost economic growth and smooth out consumption patterns. Overall, brain drain has complex and varied effects on the economic development of a country, and addressing this challenge requires comprehensive measures and policies.
What are determinants of migration between developed countries?5 answersThe determinants of migration between developed countries include macroeconomic variables, expected GDP growth, and labor market flexibility.Immigrants are primarily attracted by better income opportunities and higher growth rates abroad. Short-run increases in the host country's employment rate also positively affect migration. High public services discourage migration from advanced countries but exert a pull on migration from developing sources.Cultural and institutional barriers are important in explaining variation in observed migration flows.By better understanding the forces that affect specific migrant flows, policymakers can target certain types of migrants.
What are the characteristics of developing countries?5 answersDeveloping countries face the challenge of achieving sustainable economic growth while improving energy consumption efficiency. The World Bank's "World Development Indicators" suggest that development can be captured by five core dimensions: education, health, income, infrastructure, trade, population, and pollution. Core location and export types, such as machinery and chemical products, play a positive role in promoting economic development. Technological benefits created by human capital, R&D investment, and FDI contribute to the export economy. The quality of institutions is also considered a key factor in explaining a country's wealth. Developing countries often rely on foreign investment to bring new technology and struggle to release strong knowledge spillover effects through their education systems. In summary, the characteristics of developing countries include the need for sustainable economic growth, attention to multiple dimensions of development, reliance on core exports, and challenges in education and technology transfer.
What is Lest Develop Countries?5 answersLeast Developed Countries (LDCs) are a category of developing countries that are officially recognized by the United Nations. These countries have a low income per capita and face structural handicaps that hinder their growth. LDCs have less participation in global governance, such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and Bretton-Woods Institutions, despite being greatly affected by global economic changes and trade and financial decisions made at the global level. The term "Least Developed Countries" is used interchangeably with "low and middle-income countries" (LMICs), which refers specifically to the economy of these countries. The identification of LDCs and the resolutions passed for their development have been topics of discussion and examination. While some Asia-Pacific LDCs are projected to graduate from LDC status, many African LDCs face challenges in their economic outlook. The LDC category is currently being re-assessed, including a possible revision of the identification criteria, to align with the Sustainable Development Goals and ensure consistency.
How do demographic variables such as age, gender, educational level, work experience, and marital status influence towards brain drain?5 answersDemographic variables such as age, gender, educational level, work experience, and marital status do not have much influence on the perception of respondents towards quality of work life (QWL) in public and private sector banks. However, in the healthcare sector, demographic variables have been found to have an impact on work engagement levels. For doctors, significant differences in work engagement were found across gender, educational qualification, age, marital status, number of children, and types of hospitals. For nurses, significant differences in work engagement were found across educational qualification, age, work experience, marital status, number of children, and type of hospitals. In the banking sector, demographic variables such as age, gender, and experience were analyzed for their impact on work-life balance, but the specific influence on brain drain was not mentioned. The literature review on brain drain focused on different perspectives and the gender dimension, but did not mention the influence of demographic variables.