What are the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction leads to apoptosis?
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Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to apoptosis through several mechanisms. One mechanism is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, which can trigger apoptotic pathways . Another mechanism is the impairment of mitochondrial function, including inhibition of ATP generation and disruption of mitochondrial integrity, which can result in cell death . Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to DNA damage, both in mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA, further contributing to apoptosis . These processes are interdependent and can interact within the mitochondria to ensure proper neuronal function and survival . Overall, mitochondrial dysfunction can induce apoptosis through oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and DNA damage, highlighting the importance of maintaining mitochondrial health for cell survival.
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