Why can Pluronic increase lipid nanoparticle polydispersity index?5 answersPluronic can increase lipid nanoparticle polydispersity index due to its interactions with surfactants and polymers, affecting the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. Pluronic, when combined with different surfactants, alters the size, hydrodynamic diameter, and polydispersity index of the final formulation. Additionally, the incorporation of Pluronic F127 in PCL microparticles enhances encapsulation efficiency and reduces burst release, affecting the release properties of proteins. Moreover, Pluronic L121 promotes effective dispersion and digestion of lipid-based formulations, impacting drug solubilization and bioavailability. Furthermore, Pluronic-stabilized nanoparticles in hydrogels exhibit improved distribution and rheological properties, influencing the polydispersity index of the nanocomposite hydrogels. These interactions highlight the role of Pluronic in modifying the characteristics of lipid nanoparticles, potentially leading to an increase in polydispersity index.
How to prepare monodisperse samples?4 answersTo prepare monodisperse samples, various methods are available based on the type of particles desired. One approach involves utilizing polymer particles with hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, ensuring monodispersity with a coefficient of variation below 20% based on diameter. Another method involves forming monodisperse liquid crystal droplets, polymerizing reactive compounds within them, and removing non-reactive components to obtain polymer microparticles with controlled size and structure. Additionally, a technique using microfluidics to create ordered porous materials involves preparing droplets from different phases, curing them, and removing template particles to achieve monodisperse three-dimensional porous materials with uniform pore size and distribution. These methods offer precise control over sample uniformity and structure for various applications.
What is the prevalence of galactosialidosis?5 answersGalactosialidosis is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder with a worldwide prevalence of approximately 146 reported cases. In Bahrain alone, nine cases have been confirmed. The disease affects multiple organ systems, with musculoskeletal and gastrointestinal involvement being most common. Initial presentations include short stature, skeletal deformities, coarse facial features, and hepatomegaly. Rare occurrences in the context of galactosialidosis include severe cardiomyopathy and nonimmune hydrops fetalis. The median survival age of patients with galactosialidosis is 48 years, with an age of onset typically in early childhood. The median age at diagnosis is 19 years, with a median diagnostic delay of 8 years. The disease can be caused by various mutations in the cathepsin A (CTSA) gene, including a homozygous missense mutation c.319 A>C (p. Ser107 Arg) in exon 3. Additionally, a homozygous mutation (IVS7DS, A-G, +3) in the CTSA gene has been identified in Japanese cases of juvenile/adult-onset galactosialidosis.
What is the mortality rate of galactosemia?5 answersThe mortality rate of galactosemia is not explicitly mentioned in the abstracts provided. However, it is stated that early recognition and immediate withdrawal of galactose from the diet can prevent serious morbidity and mortality. Additionally, proper treatment, which involves the elimination of galactose from the diet, results in clinical improvement and a decrease in the size of the liver and spleen, indicating a reduction in mortality risk. Although the mortality rate is not specified, it can be inferred that early diagnosis and appropriate treatment play a crucial role in reducing the risk of mortality associated with galactosemia.
What is the percentage of fruits dispersed by zoochory ?5 answersZoochory is the dispersal of plant diaspores by animals. According to the abstracts, the percentage of fruits dispersed by zoochory varies. In one study, zoochory was found to be the most frequent dispersal syndrome, accounting for 57% of species in a wet forest community. Another study mentioned that endozoochory, which is the ingestion and subsequent dispersal of seeds by animals, is the dispersal mechanism for most tree species. Additionally, a study conducted in Hong Kong found that 27% of the native angiosperm flora had fleshy fruits, which are presumably dispersed by vertebrates. However, it is important to note that the specific percentage of fruits dispersed by zoochory was not explicitly mentioned in the abstracts.
What is impact of hydrocolloid on polydispersity index of juice?5 answersHydrocolloid dressings have been studied for their impact on the stability and fit of various products. In the context of juice, the influence of hydrocolloid carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the colloidal stability of cloudy bottle gourd juice and cloudy apple juice has been investigated. In both studies, it was found that concentrations of CMC inhibited juice clarification and increased stability. The addition of CMC enhanced viscosity and gel structure of the juice, leading to improved clarification and shelf life. However, the impact of hydrocolloid on the polydispersity index of juice specifically was not mentioned in the abstracts provided. Therefore, further research or information from other sources may be needed to determine the specific impact of hydrocolloid on the polydispersity index of juice.