What are the security vulnerabilities of using ESIM in 5g?5 answersThe utilization of eSIM in 5G networks introduces several security vulnerabilities. Firstly, the current SIM design lacks proper authentication and access control, potentially exposing critical information to adversaries, leading to attacks like traffic eavesdropping and impersonation. Secondly, vulnerabilities in the security context storage mechanisms of the UE, such as the USIM card and baseband chip, can be exploited to illegally read sensitive data and bypass validity checks, enabling identity theft and privacy breaches. Additionally, the eUICC used in Machine-to-Machine communications, a form of eSIM, raises concerns about mutual security between users and operators, highlighting potential security risks that need to be addressed. These vulnerabilities underscore the importance of implementing robust security measures in eSIM deployment within 5G networks.
How edge computing can combine with 5G?5 answersEdge computing can combine with 5G by integrating their features and capabilities to enhance performance and address the common goal of reducing latency and improving response time for end users. 5G aims to achieve this by increasing speed, while edge computing reduces latency by providing computation capabilities to end devices. By leveraging both technologies simultaneously, their effects can be boosted, and their shortcomings can be overcome. This integration can be achieved through mechanisms such as edge-cloud offloading, where edge servers offload tasks to back-end cloud servers to ensure service quality for different types of traffic. Additionally, an adaptable compute dumping technique (ACO) can be used by edge devices to minimize offloading time and resource consumption, improving the overall efficiency of the system. The combination of edge computing and 5G enables the provision of high bandwidth and ultra-low latency for real-time access to information, benefiting various cloud-IoT applications in modern societies.
What is the effect of steel structure on 5G signal strength and quality?5 answersThe effect of steel structure on 5G signal strength and quality is addressed in several papers. Wang Chenzhuang proposes a steel bar or steel structure-based hidden antenna array structure for 5G construction, where the antenna support and line pipe are attached to the steel structure. The antenna support can be completely hidden in concrete or partially exposed, while the line pipe can penetrate out of a building wall. Zhu Qionglan presents a 5G network communication device with a flywheel mechanism that can stably supply power to the device, improving the communication transmission rate and prolonging the battery life. Wang Huizhi introduces 5G communication equipment with a supporting structure that reduces the height of the equipment during an earthquake, reducing the probability of injury and damage caused by collapse. Xie Yongning et al. propose a 5G antenna structure that utilizes water absorption characteristics to prevent water damage and decay of the equipment. Pablo Sanchez-Olivares et al. implement an omnidirectional conformal array antenna in air-filled waveguide technology for 5G applications, achieving low ripple and high efficiency.
Towards 5G communication systems: Are there health implications?4 answersThe health implications of 5G communication systems have been a topic of discussion in recent studies. While some reports suggest that 5G does not cause immediate health damage to the human body, there are concerns about the thermal effects of millimeter-wave frequency radiation, especially with prolonged calls and mobile device usage. Additionally, there is evidence that electromagnetic radiation from telecommunication towers can have detrimental effects on different species, including birds, affecting their fertility, fetus development, and navigation abilities. However, it is important to note that there is no convincing evidence of non-thermal mechanisms of tissue damage from millimeter waves, and the incidence of brain tumors has not significantly reacted to the global spread of mobile communications according to international organizations. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential health implications of 5G communication systems.
What are the differences in AMC in 5g mobile communication?5 answersAMC in 5G mobile communication has several differences. One difference is that AMC in 5G is designed to provide ubiquitous high-data-rate services to mobile users by integrating different types of wireless systems, such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, UMTS, and satellite networks. This integration is achieved by using a third party, a network interoperating agent, which eliminates the need for direct service level agreements among service providers. Another difference is that AMC in 5G uses IP as the interconnection protocol, which allows for transparency to the heterogeneities of the individual systems. Additionally, AMC in 5G requires new mobility management protocols to support seamless roaming between different wireless systems. These differences in AMC in 5G enable the provision of reliable and high-data-rate services to mobile users across heterogeneous wireless systems.
What are the different modulation techniques used in 5G?5 answersDifferent modulation techniques used in 5G include Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). Other modulation techniques considered for 5G include quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), phase shift keying (PSK), single-sideband modulation, multicarrier phase modulation, interleaved-pulse PCM, multicarrier PCM, and asynchronous PCM. The design of modulation and waveforms in 5G is critical for meeting the diverse requirements of 5G services, such as throughput, reliability, and complexity. The selection of modulation techniques in 5G is based on factors like bit error rate (BER), error probability, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The use of adaptive modulation is a significant aspect of the physical layer in 5G systems.