When germ cell differentiate in chicken?5 answersGerm cells in chickens start to differentiate during embryonic development. Female germ cells in chickens enter meiosis and arrest at prophase I around embryonic day 15.5, forming primordial follicles shortly after hatching. Additionally, chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) have the unique ability to be propagated in vitro for long-term studies, with factors like fibroblast growth factor 2 and PI3K/Akt signaling playing crucial roles in their proliferation and survival. Furthermore, chicken PGCs have shown potential to differentiate into various cell types in vitro, such as adipocytes, neuron-like cells, and osteoblasts, similar to mammalian PGCs. Overall, the differentiation of germ cells in chickens initiates during embryonic stages, showcasing their importance in avian reproduction and biotechnological applications.
How does temperature affect the development of chick embryo?4 answersTemperature plays a crucial role in the development of chick embryos. The optimal incubation temperature for maximizing hatchability is typically between 37 and 38°C. The temperature inside the egg, known as the embryo temperature, is not equal to the incubator air temperature and can vary depending on factors such as heat production and transfer. Studies have shown that cyclic increases in incubation temperature during the critical period of incubation can induce adaptive responses and increase thermotolerance in chickens without affecting hatchability. Lowering the incubation temperature during the late phase of incubation has been found to have positive effects on embryo development, organ growth, and post-hatch growth performance. Exposure to high or low temperatures during specific periods of embryo development can also affect hatchability and post-hatch adaptability to climatic conditions. Overall, temperature manipulation during incubation can have significant effects on the development and quality of chick embryos.
What are the characteristics of the egg stage of the Aedes mosquito?4 answersThe characteristics of the egg stage of the Aedes mosquito include the ability to survive extreme desiccation. Aedes aegypti eggs are true anhydrobiotes, acquiring desiccation tolerance at a late developmental stage. The eggs of Aedes aegypti quickly turn black after oviposition. The eggshell of Aedes albopictus is fully covered with an air-covering plastron network, providing water-repellent properties. The chorionic surface of the eggshell is covered with clusters of globular tubercles, which increase the surface area for gas exchange. The egg length of Aedes aegypti is approximately 581.45 ± 39.73 µm, and the width is approximately 175.36 ± 11.59 µm. The chorionic wall of Aedes albopictus eggshell has a hexagonal pattern with smooth and elevated boundaries. The eggshell of Aedes aegypti serves as an overwintering mechanism through diapause.
Which developmental stage should embryos be frozen?4 answersEmbryos should be frozen at the blastocyst stage for optimal results. The study found that vitrification during the early blastocyst stage (D5) resulted in a significantly higher re-expansion rate compared to the morula stage (D4) and the expanded blastocyst stage (D6). Another study also supports this finding, stating that blastocyst-stage frozen-thawed embryo transfer (ET) had a higher clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) and live birth rate (LBR) compared to cleavage-stage frozen-thawed ET in young patients who had previously undergone one failed fresh ET cycle. Therefore, freezing embryos at the blastocyst stage is recommended for successful cryopreservation and subsequent transfer.
Which developmental stage should human embryos be frozen?5 answersHuman embryos can be frozen at different developmental stages, including the cleavage stage and the blastocyst stage. The choice of the developmental stage for freezing depends on various factors. According to Fang et al., blastocyst-stage frozen-thawed embryo transfer may be more appropriate for young patients who have previously undergone one failed fresh embryo transfer cycle. On the other hand, Najafi et al.provide a scoring system for cleavage-stage embryos and blastocysts, which can help in the evaluation and selection of embryos for freezing. Edgar et al.and Capalbo et al.discuss the use of slow freezing and vitrification methods for freezing embryos at the cleavage stage. Both methods have been shown to result in a high proportion of post-thaw embryos surviving and retaining their implantation potential. Ultimately, the decision on which developmental stage to freeze embryos should be based on clinical indications and laboratory experience.
What is incubation in chicken eggs?3 answersIncubation in chicken eggs refers to the process of artificially creating the optimal conditions for the development and hatching of the embryos. This process involves setting the eggs in an incubator and controlling various factors such as temperature, humidity, and air flow. The temperature is gradually adjusted throughout the incubation cycle, starting at around 39.5°C and decreasing to 37.2°C towards the end. Humidity levels are also carefully regulated, with different levels required at different stages of incubation. The air flow and CO2 content are monitored and adjusted as necessary to ensure optimal conditions for embryo development. Incubation plays a crucial role in determining the hatchability and quality of the chicks, as well as their survival and growth performance. It is an important step in the poultry production chain, bridging the gap between the egg and the final product.