Is water colder in upstream then warmer going downstream?4 answersWater temperature dynamics in rivers can vary significantly based on different factors. While prevailing theory suggests an asymptotic warming pattern downstream, empirical evidence shows diverse longitudinal thermal profiles in rivers. In some cases, large glacier- and snowpack-fed tributaries can cool the mainstem river downstream by approximately 2°C. Conversely, the presence of small dams can lead to downstream increases in water temperature, potentially harming aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, the relative contribution of cool water sources like groundwater discharge and higher elevation headwaters can moderate stream temperatures downstream. Therefore, while water can be colder in upstream areas due to various cooling influences, downstream temperatures can be influenced by a complex interplay of factors like tributaries, dams, and cool water sources.
How river shifting impact on urbanization?5 answersRiver shifting due to urbanization can have significant impacts on the environment. Urbanization often leads to river pollution through the discharge of wastewater, garbage dumping, and poor sewer infrastructure. Additionally, urbanization affects phytoplankton communities in rivers, causing shifts in community structure and decreased diversity and resource use efficiency downstream as urbanization levels increase. Furthermore, the transformation of riverfronts for urban development can result in physical, chemical, and environmental impacts on river health, with untreated wastewater being a major contributor to river pollution. Studies also show that urbanization increases water quality parameters like oxygen demand, conductivity, turbidity, and nutrient concentrations in urban river reaches compared to peri-urban areas, indicating adverse impacts on surface water quality.
What is downstream processing?4 answersDownstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and biotechnological products. It involves a series of purification techniques such as precipitation, ultrafiltration, extraction, chromatography, and electrophoresis, depending on the physicochemical properties of the biomolecule of interest and its desired purity. The main objectives of downstream processing are to improve the quality of the final product in terms of concentration and purity, maximize product recovery, and reduce production costs. In the case of viral-based vaccines, downstream processing includes clarification, intermediate purification, and polishing steps, with a focus on achieving high purity, recovery yield, and efficiency. There is a growing interest in novel and cost-effective downstream processing techniques, such as continuous chromatographic operations, three-phase partitioning, purification by immobilization strategies, and microbial engineering. Downstream processing plays a crucial role in the commercialization of technology-based research results, with stages including investigation, development/validation, and commercialization.
How human activities impact the river?4 answersHuman activities have a significant impact on rivers. They can lead to changes in water quality, discharge patterns, and the overall health of the river ecosystem. For example, in the Yellow River Basin, human activities have reduced hydrological drought events in the midstream and downstream reaches, but have also shortened the propagation time for droughts during the growing season. In the Tumen River, heavy metal pollution from human activities poses health risks, especially for children, through fish ingestion. In the Weihe River, human activities such as reservoir construction and water consumption have had a greater impact than climate change on the observed discharge reduction. In Ghana's Bonsa River, urbanization, farming, and industrialization have led to freshwater resource degradation and a decline in the health-related quality of life for residents. In the Xilin River Basin, human activities have caused a significant decrease in runoff, delayed the occurrence of droughts, and increased their frequency and intensity.
What is downstream?5 answersDownstream refers to the concept of something flowing or progressing in a particular direction. In the context of the abstracts provided, downstream is mentioned in various contexts. In the context of water and the ocean, downstream refers to the idea that everything eventually flows into the ocean. In the context of history and time, being downstream implies that time flows in a predetermined direction, and humans are carried along with it. In the context of biotechnology, downstream processing refers to the separation and purification of a bio-product after fermentation, with the goal of developing a safe, clean, and economically viable process. In the context of biotechnological production processes, downstream processing involves the concentration and purification of products, with the aim of improving sustainability and eco-efficiency.
What are the factors that affect change in river bathymetry?2 answersFactors that affect change in river bathymetry include measurement error, data density, interpolation method, water transparency, water turbidity, nature of river bottom, and reflections from surrounding areas. The accuracy of interpolated bathymetries depends on the density and distribution of point data, as well as the interpolation method used. Water turbidity and bottom materials can also influence the accuracy of retrieved bathymetry. In addition, the degree of water transparency and reflections from surrounding areas can affect the performance of models used to determine bathymetry. The high turbidity of the water can be a major factor affecting the accuracy of bathymetry models. Changes in channel geometry, such as inaccurate representation of channel conveyance capacity and depth, can also impact surface water-groundwater interactions and other hydrologic processes.