What does PAR mean?
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Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a research approach that involves collaboration between academic researchers and people affected by a particular problem. It aims to democratize knowledge production and empower those involved. PAR takes various forms depending on the context and issues being addressed. It is a means of exploring materialities, emotionalities, and nonrepresentational experiences to inform progressive change. PAR has synergies with feminist, post-structural, and postcolonial geographies, enabling engagements with power dynamics and subjectivity. It continues to inspire new understandings and possibilities for action-oriented research.
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39 Citations | PAR refers to a multiuser collaborative game designed for multitouch tabletops to support social interaction skills of youngsters with Autism. |
20 Dec 2019 | PAR stands for parallel and it is a typing system for concurrent functional programming in the context of multiplicative linear logic. |
3 Citations | PAR stands for participatory action research, which is a method of research that involves active participation and collaboration with the community being studied. |
Related Questions
Has HFpEF been linked to parity?5 answersHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has not been directly linked to parity. However, studies have explored the pathophysiological mechanisms of HFpEF, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and sympatho-excitation, which play crucial roles in the development and progression of HFpEF. On the other hand, research on the PNC effect in $^{177}\mathrm{HfF}^{+}$ has shown that the tensor weak interaction induced by the weak quadrupole moment contributes significantly to the PNC effects in this system, highlighting the importance of understanding nuclear properties in relation to weak interactions. While HFpEF has not been directly associated with parity, investigating various mechanisms and interactions at the nuclear and molecular levels can provide valuable insights into the complex nature of cardiovascular diseases like HFpEF.
Does PAR1 express in cortical collecting duct?10 answersThe expression and role of PAR1 (Protease-Activated Receptor 1) in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) have been a subject of interest due to its potential implications in renal physiology and pathology. While the provided contexts do not directly address the expression of PAR1 in the CCD, they offer insights into various aspects of renal cell function, signaling, and regulation that can be tangentially related to the question at hand.
Firstly, the study by Hernández et al. focuses on PAR1 expression in the context of breast cancer, highlighting its role in metastasis and mortality but does not provide information on its expression in renal tissues or specifically in the CCD. This indicates the importance of PAR1 in pathological conditions but does not directly answer the question about its renal expression.
In the context of renal physiology, several studies explore the regulation of ion transport and signaling pathways in the CCD. For instance, Bertog et al. confirmed the renal expression of proteinase-activated receptor (PAR-2) in native renal epithelial and cultured M-1 mouse CCD cells, suggesting that the CCD is responsive to protease signaling, which could imply a potential for PAR1 expression given the similar nature of PAR1 and PAR2 as protease-activated receptors. However, this does not directly confirm PAR1 expression.
Other studies in the provided contexts focus on mechanisms of sodium and water reabsorption, the role of endothelin-1, and the effects of corticosteroids and vasopressin on CCD function. While these studies provide a comprehensive overview of the complex regulatory networks within the CCD, none explicitly mention PAR1, focusing instead on other specific receptors, channels, and signaling molecules.
In summary, based on the provided contexts, there is no direct evidence or mention of PAR1 expression in the cortical collecting duct. The discussions are centered around other receptors and proteins involved in renal function, with a particular focus on ion transport, hormone response, and protease-activated signaling pathways. To definitively answer the question of PAR1 expression in the CCD, more targeted research specifically examining the presence and role of PAR1 in this renal structure would be required.
Does PAR1 plays role in NO in kidney?5 answersProtease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) plays a multifaceted role in kidney function and pathology, with implications for nitric oxide (NO) involvement in renal hemodynamics and disease processes. PAR1's activation has been linked to various renal outcomes, including the regulation of renal hemodynamics, fibrosis, and inflammation, which are critical in the progression of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) and diabetic nephropathy (DN).
In the context of renal hemodynamics, PAR1 activation by thrombin has been shown to decrease plasma renin activity, suggesting a role in the modulation of renal blood flow and filtration processes. This effect is mediated through a reduction in perfusate flow and inhibition of renin secretion rates, which are crucial for maintaining blood pressure and fluid balance. The involvement of NO in these processes is suggested by the action of PAR2, a related receptor, which, upon activation, increases renin secretion and perfusate flow in a manner that is markedly attenuated by NO synthase inhibition. Although this evidence directly pertains to PAR2, it implies a broader interaction between PARs and NO in the kidney, suggesting that PAR1 may also influence NO-mediated pathways indirectly.
Furthermore, PAR1's role in renal disease progression, particularly in DN and CKD, highlights its impact on inflammatory and fibrotic pathways. The activation of PAR1 in renal fibrosis models leads to the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, processes that are critical for fibrosis development. While the direct link between PAR1 activation and NO in these contexts is less clear, the overall involvement of PAR1 in renal inflammation and fibrosis suggests a complex interplay with NO, given NO's known anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects.
In summary, while direct evidence of PAR1's role in modulating NO in the kidney is limited, its involvement in regulating renal hemodynamics, inflammation, and fibrosis indirectly suggests a potential interaction with NO-mediated pathways. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which PAR1 influences NO in the kidney.
What are some of the most important works of Charles Pare?4 answersCharles Pare is not mentioned in any of the abstracts provided.
What is pareto?3 answersThe Pareto Principle, also known as the 80-20 rule, states that for many phenomena, about 80% of the consequences are produced by 20% of the causes. In economics, Pareto-optimality is a fundamental concept that refers to an allocation of goods between individuals where a change to a different allocation would make at least one individual worse off without making any other individual better off. In the field of multi-objective optimization, the weighted-sum method is commonly used to represent different criteria in decision-making and optimization problems. To address the challenge of quantifying and hand-tuning weights, the Pareto-Weighted-Sum-Tuning algorithm has been proposed as an automated and systematic approach for trading-off between different criteria. Additionally, Picante is a software package that provides tools for analyzing the phylogenetic and trait diversity of ecological communities. PariTOP is a decision-support system that uses mathematical programming, specifically goal programming, to estimate the market value of large numbers of residential properties.
Does parity affect one's fertility intentions?5 answersParity, or the number of children a person has, does affect their fertility intentions. Studies have shown that women with higher parity tend to have a higher desire for more children, even when recommended fertility levels have been exceeded. Additionally, fertility intentions can change over time, with delayed fertility becoming uncertain and eventually foregone. The relationship between fertility intentions and behavior is strong, with intentions predicting fertility outcomes, especially among married individuals. Furthermore, the effect of fertility intentions on behavior is greater when the intentions are held with greater certainty. These findings suggest that parity plays a role in shaping fertility intentions, and that intentions are an important factor in determining actual fertility behavior.