Can RES be integrated to energy marked based AGC system, and how this system can be developed?10 answersRenewable Energy Sources (RES) can indeed be integrated into a market-based Automatic Generation Control (AGC) system, offering a sustainable and efficient approach to managing power system dynamics and frequency regulation. The development of such a system involves several key strategies and technologies, as highlighted by recent research.
Firstly, the integration of RES, such as solar and wind energy, into AGC systems requires the design of novel control strategies that can accommodate the variable nature of renewable generation. A three-area hydro-thermal system integrated with RES, employing a novel secondary controller optimized by advanced algorithms, demonstrates improved system dynamics and frequency regulation. Similarly, the use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) as a supplementary source, coordinated with fractional order controllers, shows potential in enhancing system performance by providing additional flexibility and storage capacity.
To address the challenges of integrating RES into AGC, including the detailed modeling required for optimal dispatch and the management of energy storage systems (ESS) degradation, a hierarchical AGC dispatch method has been proposed. This method combines heuristics and proactive dispatch models, incorporating state of charge (SOC) recovery strategies to optimize the use of regulating resources while minimizing ESS degradation.
Moreover, the integration of RES into deregulated power systems under AGC has been explored, with the inclusion of thermal, gas, and renewable energy sources, alongside aggregate EVs. Advanced optimization algorithms have been applied to tune the system for optimal performance, demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of integrating RES in a deregulated market environment.
Furthermore, the application of advanced control techniques, such as Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC), has shown to provide better results in systems integrated with RES, indicating the importance of sophisticated control mechanisms in managing the complexities introduced by renewable energy sources.
In conclusion, integrating RES into a market-based AGC system is not only feasible but also beneficial for enhancing power system reliability and sustainability. This integration requires innovative control strategies, advanced optimization techniques, and the effective management of energy storage, all aimed at accommodating the variability and uncertainty associated with renewable energy sources.
Why renewables and DERs?5 answersRenewable energy sources (RESs) and Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are crucial due to their ability to lower emissions, reduce transmission congestion, improve voltage profiles, and minimize power losses. DERs, ranging from utility-sited to customer-sited applications, play key roles in grid operations by balancing intermittent renewables, managing power demand changes cost-effectively, and contributing significantly to clean energy objectives. However, challenges arise when DERs are connected to the same distribution feeder as loads, impacting frequency response during power outages. Studies emphasize the importance of assessing safe disconnection strategies for DERs in various penetration scenarios to maintain grid stability, especially during significant disturbances, highlighting the necessity of secure DER integration in grid planning.
What are the current pricing mechanisms used in peer-to-peer energy trading platforms?5 answersCurrent pricing mechanisms in peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading platforms include synchronous and asynchronous energy pricing, mid market rate, supply-demand ratio, bill sharing, and game theory models for price determination. Synchronous energy pricing emphasizes economic efficiency, while asynchronous pricing offers Pareto optimality, price transparency, and accommodates market participant preferences. Game theory models consider factors like conflicting interests among prosumers, human behavior traits, and trading strategies to determine energy prices effectively. Additionally, network service pricing (NSP) plays a crucial role in identifying financial conflicts and establishing the relationship between energy and network service pricing within the trading process. These pricing mechanisms aim to reduce system costs, encourage local electricity market trading, and enhance the overall efficiency and fairness of P2P energy trading platforms.
How does replacing feed in tarrifs with smart export guarantees can affect the energy market?5 answersReplacing feed-in tariffs with smart export guarantees in the energy market can have significant implications. Smart export guarantees, as seen in the context of transactive energy markets, aim to balance supply and demand at the distribution level, preventing excess energy export. On the other hand, feed-in tariffs ensure fixed prices for renewable energy production, encouraging consumers to generate their own electricity. By blending renewable portfolio standards with feed-in tariffs, regulatory synergies can be harnessed for more effective renewable energy deployment. This combination provides clarity on renewable power quantity and market certainty on pricing, driving towards a sustainable energy future. Therefore, replacing feed-in tariffs with smart export guarantees could enhance market efficiency, promote renewable energy adoption, and better balance supply and demand in the energy sector.
What are the current advancements and challenges in implementing MPC for AGC in power systems?5 answersThe current advancements in implementing Model Predictive Control (MPC) for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) in power systems include the use of explicit model predictive control (EMPC), deep learning-aided MPC, and a novel framework based on proximal policy optimization (PPO) reinforcement learning algorithm. EMPC provides an approach to reach AGC requirements by calculating control laws in an explicit form. Deep learning-aided MPC leverages computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data to learn a dynamic reduced-order model (ROM) for wind farms (WFs) and improve AGC performance. The PPO-based AGC dynamic optimization framework optimizes power regulation among AGC generators and improves frequency control performance. However, challenges in implementing MPC for AGC include the exponential growth of partition number in EMPC, hindering its application in large systems, and the high computation complexity of dynamic wake flow in WFs, which requires reducing the number of model states for computational practicality.
What is the energy consumption of AGVs in ports?2 answersThe energy consumption of AGVs in ports is a significant concern. Several studies have focused on improving energy efficiency and optimizing the overall energy consumption of AGVs. Ye et al. developed a multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm to minimize energy consumption in AGV scheduling and routing tasks. Schmidt et al. conducted a total cost of ownership analysis and found that battery-powered AGVs can be economically beneficial, especially when charging processes are shifted to off-peak hours. Kumawat et al. analyzed the trade-offs between lift-automated guided vehicles (LAGVs) and AGVs and found that LAGVs can increase the throughput capacity of terminals, while AGVs may perform better in certain scenarios. Zaghdoud et al. developed a system for assigning containers in a dynamic port environment, which can help optimize operations and reduce energy consumption. Overall, these studies highlight the importance of energy efficiency in AGV operations and provide insights into strategies for minimizing energy consumption in ports.
