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Many investors are interested in managing their risk: they may be willing to increase their risk for some form of reward.
FRN findings suggest that the reward prediction error signal is increased after high-risk decisions.
Excluding the assumption of normality in return distributions, a general reward-risk ratio suitable to compare portfolio returns with respect to a benchmark must includes asymmetrical information on both “good” volatility (above the benchmark) and “bad” volatility (below the benchmark), with different sensitivities.
Finance academics and professionals, however, prefer to value risky prospects in terms of a trade-off between expected reward and risk, where the latter is usually measured in terms of reward variance.
In this article, we show that the most popular of these metrics, i. e., the Sharpe ratio and 12 alternative reward-to-risk ratios based on drawdowns, partial moments and the Value at Risk, yield almost identical rank orderings across futures-based commodity investments in energy, precious metals, industrial metals, agriculture, and livestock.
We conclude that risk aversion to variability in reward amount is a robust phenomenon for some reward distributions.
As anticipation of diverse rewards can increase NAcc activation, even incidental reward cues may influence financial risk taking.
In conclusion, the study confirms the extremely high level of risk in Forex trading, which is inappropriate for the majority of individual investors.
Overall, the results confirm the presence of multifractality in forex markets, which demonstrates, in particular, (i) a decline in the efficiency of forex markets during the COVID-19 outbreak and (ii) heterogeneous effects on the strength of multifractality of exchange rate returns under investigation.

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