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What is discrepancy signal?

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Discrepancy function

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A discrepancy signal refers to a signal indicating a mismatch between the predicted outcome and the actual outcome, prompting further training or action. It can also represent the excess of presented risk over perceived risk, influencing decision-making and behavior. Discrepancy signals play a crucial role in various fields, such as robotics, probability measures comparison, navigation systems, and risk-taking behavior analysis. In robotics, the detection of a discrepancy between predicted and actual sensory outcomes triggers additional training to recognize novel objects or improve performance. Similarly, in risk-taking behavior studies, the discrepancy between perceived and presented risks influences individuals' intentions and decisions, particularly in behaviors with high probabilities of cost. Overall, understanding and responding to discrepancy signals are essential for learning, decision-making, and risk assessment in different contexts.

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Open access•Journal Article Cost Discrepancy, Signaling, and Risk Taking. Jim Lemon 01 Jan 2005-Journal of At-Risk Issues	Discrepancy signal refers to the difference between the perceived cost of a risk behavior to the individual and the presented cost to others, influencing risk-taking decisions as a signaling mechanism.
Patent Discrepancy reporting in electronic map applications Andre Lutz, Patrick Wipplinger - Show less +1 more 04 Mar 2008 14 Citations	Discrepancy signal refers to a report sent directly to the data provider via a datalink in electronic map applications for updating navigation charts in aircraft data processing systems.
Patent Discrepancy detection apparatus and methods for machine learning Patryk Laurent, Jean-Baptiste Passot, Filip Ponulak, Eugene Izhikevich - Show less +3 more 22 Nov 2013 15 Citations	Discrepancy signal in machine learning detects differences between predicted and actual outcomes, indicating the need for further training, especially for novel objects in sensory input.
Open access•Posted Content The Fourier Discrepancy Function. Auricchio Gennaro, Codegoni Andrea, Gualandi Stefano, Zambon Lorenzo - Show less +3 more 18 Nov 2021-arXiv: Machine Learning	The Fourier Discrepancy Function is a new discrepancy measure for comparing discrete probability measures, considering the space's geometry, with convexity, differentiability, gradient formula, and bounds related to Total Variation distance.

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What are the link between self-esteem, self discrepancy and rumination ?5 answersSelf-esteem, self-discrepancy, and rumination are interconnected. Individuals with damaged self-esteem or fragile self-esteem may engage in depressive rumination as a way to reduce the discrepancy between their explicit and implicit self-views. Rumination intensifies the impact of negative cognitions, and when combined with self-discrepancies, it predicts depressive symptoms more strongly. Low self-esteem is associated with suicidal ideation, while rumination is associated with a history of attempted suicide. In the context of work addiction, maladaptive rumination, specifically brooding, mediates the relationship between self-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism, and self-esteem with work addiction. Self-discrepancies interact with the reflection component of rumination, affecting autobiographical memory specificity. Overall, these findings suggest that rumination plays a role in the relationship between self-esteem, self-discrepancy, and various psychological outcomes such as depressive symptoms, suicidality, and work addiction.

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Self-discrepancy theory: what patterns of self-beliefs cause people to suffer?3 answersSelf-discrepancy theory suggests that different patterns of self-beliefs can lead to emotional suffering. Discrepancies between an individual's actual self and their ideal self, which represents their hopes and aspirations, can result in dejection-related emotions such as disappointment and sadness. On the other hand, discrepancies between the actual self and the ought self, which represents beliefs about duties and obligations, can lead to agitation-related emotions like fear and restlessness. These different types of self-discrepancies represent negative psychological situations that are associated with specific kinds of discomfort. The magnitude and accessibility of these self-discrepancies can vary among individuals and may contribute to differences in the types of discomfort experienced. Research has provided support for the predictions of self-discrepancy theory, highlighting the associations between self-discrepancies and emotional vulnerabilities.

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