What is polarisation?5 answersPolarization is a multifaceted concept observed in various fields. In electromagnetic contexts, it pertains to the orientation of electromagnetic waves and is crucial in antenna design and wave propagation. In social contexts, polarization refers to the division and animosity between opposing groups, impacting societal, political, and democratic dynamics. In optics, polarization involves the characterization of light properties, with circularly polarized light represented by specific poles and described through various mathematical approaches. Social systems also exhibit polarization, with empirical studies showing a bipolarized pattern in opinion distribution across social media platforms, leading to stable community structures. The dynamics of polarization in social systems are governed by generic mechanisms and can be quantitatively analyzed through scaling laws and phase transitions, aiding in understanding and predicting polarization phenomena.
What is political polarization?5 answersPolitical polarization refers to the division of individuals into distinct groups with contrasting viewpoints, leading to minimal convergence on a unified agenda. This phenomenon often results in two opposing camps displaying disproportionate animosity towards each other, despite actual disagreements. In the context of democratic polities, political polarization is characterized by political intolerance as a defining trait, encompassing both ideological and social aspects. The impact of political polarization extends to online social platforms, where structurally cohesive groups with common political attitudes interact differently based on their level of extremism, contributing to the overall polarization seen in digital spaces. The consequences of political polarization can be detrimental to mental and physical health, leading to increased rates of psychiatric disorders and stress-related issues.
What is polarization?3 answersPolarization is an electromagnetic property that is highly integrated with antennas, waves, and propagation. It can be defined as the dipole moment per unit volume or as the integral of the current density over an adiabatic transition between two nearby states. The traditional dipole model of polarization is a special case of this definition. In the context of eukaryotic cells, polarization refers to the response of an individual cell to a spatial stimulus. Different cell types exhibit different behaviors of polarization, and various models have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. These models address how symmetry breaking leads to polarization and can account for amplification of stimulus, maintenance of polarity, adaptation, sensitivity to new signals, and robustness. In the field of optics, polarization can also refer to the control of the permittivity and permeability of materials to design nonmagnetic directionally invisible objects with significant design flexibility. Additionally, polarization is recognized as an important aspect of interpersonal conflict and conflict resolution, where attitudes can become polarized and lead to extreme opinions at the opposite poles of distribution.
What is polarization in biology?2 answersPolarization in biology refers to the process by which cells or tissues develop and maintain a distinct asymmetry or polarity. It is a fundamental property that plays important roles in various biological processes such as cell migration, development, and organization. The establishment and maintenance of cell polarity involve complex mechanisms including signaling networks, symmetry breaking, amplification, inhibition, and coordination. Research on cell polarization has been conducted using different model organisms such as yeast and fission yeast, which have provided insights into the common pathways and differences in growth strategies and shapes. The phenomenon of polarization is universal, but the details vary across cell types and models, and different models can account for various aspects of polarization such as stimulus amplification, polarity maintenance, adaptation, sensitivity to new signals, and robustness. Polarization imaging techniques, such as digital holography-based polarization microscopy, have also been developed for diagnostic purposes in biological and medical research.
What is polarization?2 answersPolarization is an electromagnetic property that is highly integrated with antennas, waves, and propagation. It can be defined as the dipole moment per unit volume or as the integral of the current density over an adiabatic transition between two nearby states. The classical perspective of polarization provides a simpler and less constrained treatment compared to the quantum-mechanical approach. It can be rigorously and unambiguously defined for various charge distributions, whether periodic or nonperiodic, finite or infinite, electrically neutral or non-neutral, continuous or discrete, and at any temperature. Different cell types exhibit diverse behaviors of polarization in response to spatial stimuli, and various models have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. The polarization identity in linear algebra expresses the inner product of a complex inner product space in terms of the norm, and it can be generalized to an associative algebra equipped with an involution. Polarization is also recognized as an important aspect of interpersonal conflict and conflict resolution, with the process of opinion change becoming markedly different at the point where violence begins.
How to control polarization of electromagnetic wave?4 answersThe polarization of an electromagnetic wave can be controlled through various methods. One approach is to use a control device that includes an attenuator, a phase shifter, a power amplifier, and antennas placed in a branched circuit. This device allows for fast variable polarization of the electromagnetic wave. Another method involves using an endlessly adaptive polarization controller based on a rotatable half-wave-plate on the lithium niobate platform, which is effective in eliminating carrier fading in self-coherent communication systems. Additionally, a broadband terahertz wave circular polarizer can be developed using a 2-dimensional array of metallic helix metamaterial, enabling the transmission of circularly polarized THz waves. Active metasurfaces with loaded active circuit elements can also be utilized to achieve dynamic control of the polarization and phase of the electromagnetic wave reflection. Furthermore, carbon nanomaterials-based structures have shown potential in devising magneto-optically tunable polarization modulators for controlling the polarization of electromagnetic waves in the terahertz frequency range.