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What is the definition and origin of the term "deep state"? 


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The term "deep state" refers to a covert network of interests within a country that operates to influence government decisions and policies, often working against the will of the public. It has been used in various contexts such as the US, UK, India, Egypt, Turkey, and other countries. The concept of the deep state sheds light on the existence of hidden power structures that manipulate political institutions and decision-making processes, creating a system where a privileged minority controls resources and access to power, while the majority of citizens are marginalized. The term has been associated with shadow institutions, secret societies, and mafia-like entities, illustrating how concentrated political power is formed within a state. In recent times, the term has been appropriated by populists and conspiracy theorists, impacting its utility for analysts.

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The term "deep state" refers to covert operations by special services and criminals benefiting select politicians. Its origin lies in historical contexts of Italy and Turkey, involving mafia and intelligence agencies.
The term "deep state" refers to the military-intelligence-industrial complex and has evolved to describe networks undermining public will, analyzed across various countries in the paper.
The term "deep state" describes shadow institutions consolidating power and resources for a privileged minority, limiting access for the majority, with origins in political analysis.
The term "deep state" refers to covert power structures within a country, explaining hidden governance. It originates from political science to describe unofficial control mechanisms.

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