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What is the historical evolution of the relationship between religious education and state ideology? 


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The historical evolution of the relationship between religious education and state ideology has been complex and multifaceted. In various countries like Indonesia, Turkey, and Egypt, state policies have influenced religious education significantly. For instance, in Indonesia, the introduction of public schooling in the mid-1970s aimed to curb religious influence but inadvertently led to an increase in Islamic education, challenging the secular national identity . Similarly, in Turkey, political powers have historically shaped religious education based on their ideologies, impacting the perception of religion within society . In Egypt, figures like Muḥammad ʿAbduh emphasized the importance of religion in education, viewing it as fundamental for producing morally empowered individuals, thus intertwining religion and education within a bureaucratic and journalistic context . These instances highlight the intricate interplay between state ideology and religious education throughout history.

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The historical evolution shows that the state's expansion of public schooling in Indonesia led to increased religious education, challenging the state's secular nation-building agenda.
The historical evolution of the relationship between religious education and state ideology in Republican Turkey is influenced by political powers shaping religious education policies based on their own ideologies.
The historical evolution shows a shift towards mandatory religious education in public schools during the New Order, aligning with the state's ideology of implementing Pancasila consistently.
Muḥammad ʿAbduh in 19th-century Egypt advocated for integrating religion into state education, viewing it as essential for moral development and empowering individuals to make informed choices.

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