How does F127 affect the immune system?5 answersF127, specifically Pluronic F127, has been extensively studied for its pharmaceutical applications. Pluronic smart hydrogel formulations, which include F127, have shown promise as injectable controlled drug carriers. These smart hydrogels undergo a sol-gel phase transition in the body, making them biocompatible and injectable before transforming into gel matrices at body temperature. The structural changes of F127 systems under controlled temperature after flow have been quantified, aiding in understanding their behavior during injection. Additionally, F127 has been utilized in solid dispersions to improve the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs like ketoconazole. Therefore, while F127 itself does not directly affect the immune system, its properties make it a valuable component in pharmaceutical formulations that can potentially impact immune responses indirectly.
How does cd27 signaling differ from cd28?5 answersCD27 signaling differs from CD28 in its impact on T cell responses. CD27 promotes the survival and accumulation of effector T cells during autoimmune responses, enhancing inflammation in tissues. On the other hand, CD28 is crucial for T cell activation and differentiation, requiring strong signaling for effector T cell differentiation and weaker signaling for self-renewal of exhausted T cells. In allergic rhinitis, CD27 and CD28 play key roles in activating different subsets of γδ T cells, influencing immune regulation in patients. CD28, a costimulatory receptor, activates T cells through CD80/CD86 binding, leading to T cell activation, cytokine production, and proliferation. In contrast, CD27 promotes T cell co-activation, proliferation, and differentiation into cytotoxic and memory T cells, contributing to anti-tumor immunity.
How metabolic reprogramming affect T cell function?4 answersMetabolic reprogramming has a significant impact on T cell function. Upon antigen activation, T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming characterized by an elevation in both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). This shift towards glycolysis enables T cells to rapidly proliferate and enhance their functionality, representing a distinctive signature during activation. Dysregulated metabolism in T cells can be influenced by their interactions with tumors or the tumor microenvironment (TME), leading to T cell dysfunction and exhaustion. Additionally, lipid metabolic reprogramming plays a crucial role in T cell malignancies, contributing to their survival, stemness, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The rewiring of lipid metabolism in T cell cancer provides immunosuppressive molecules and has implications for immune evasion by malignant T cells. Understanding and targeting metabolic reprogramming in T cells and tumors can potentially enhance T cell anti-tumor responses and improve the clinical management of T cell malignancies.
Does p27 protein induce apoptosis?5 answersp27 protein has been shown to induce apoptosis in various contexts. In one study, it was found that depletion of p27 resulted in a decrease in survival of cardiomyocytes, while ectopic delivery of a p27 fusion protein promoted autophagy and inhibited apoptosis in glucose-deprived cardiomyocytes. Another study demonstrated that transduction of different forms of p27 fusion proteins into tumor cell lines induced apoptosis and decreased proliferation. Additionally, it was observed that cytoplasmic mislocalization of p27 converted it from a nuclear tumor suppressor to a cytoplasmic oncogene, suggesting that cytoplasmic p27 may contribute to drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. These findings collectively suggest that p27 protein can indeed induce apoptosis in certain cellular contexts.
What is the role of CD27 in CD8 T cells?5 answersCD27 is a co-stimulatory immune-checkpoint receptor that plays a role in CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation. It promotes immune activation and enhances primary, secondary, memory, and recall responses towards viral infections in mice. Limited human studies also support the role of CD27 in enhancing antiviral T cell immunity. Manipulating CD27 signaling is of interest for viral, autoimmune, and anti-tumor immunotherapies. The CD27-CD70 co-stimulatory pathway is important in CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation in certain contexts, but its role in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unclear. Serum levels of soluble CD27 (sCD27) increase in AMI patients and are positively correlated with cardiac troponin I (c-TnI) levels. Blockade of the CD27-CD70 pathway worsens cardiac dysfunction and impairs scar healing after AMI. The crystal structure of human CD27 in complex with human CD70 reveals the molecular basis of their interaction and offers new mechanistic insight into this critical costimulatory interaction.
What is the role of CD27 in CD8 T cells?3 answersCD27 is a co-stimulatory immune-checkpoint receptor that plays a role in CD8+ T cell activation and memory formation. CD27 signaling promotes immune activation and enhances primary, secondary, memory, and recall responses towards viral infections. It is required for the secondary expansion and accumulation of memory CD8+ T cells in response to antigenic peptide and CD27 ligand CD70. CD27/CD70 interaction enhances T-cell proliferation, differentiation to effector and memory T cells, and confers resistance to apoptosis. CD27 has potential as an immune modulatory target in cancer treatment and is being investigated in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Overall, CD27 plays a crucial role in CD8+ T cell activation, memory formation, and antiviral immune responses, making it a potential target for immunotherapies.