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What is the relationship between frequency changes in temperature gradient and extratropical cyclones?

Meridional flow

Middle latitudes

Temperature gradient

Mesoscale convective system

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The relationship between frequency changes in temperature gradient and extratropical cyclones is complex and depends on various factors. In some cases, an increase in the upper level temperature gradient can lead to a decrease in cyclone intensity, particularly in dry atmospheres . However, in moist environments, an increase in the upper level temperature gradient can actually enhance the interaction between upper- and low-level potential vorticity anomalies, leading to an increase in cyclone activity . On the other hand, a decrease in the lower level temperature gradient generally weakens cyclones, regardless of the presence of moisture . Additionally, the presence of multiple warm-front-like baroclinic zones, characterized by a magnitude of the surface temperature gradient and dewpoint temperature gradient, can be significant in the formation of cyclones . Overall, the relationship between temperature gradient changes and extratropical cyclones is influenced by the moisture content of the atmosphere and the specific atmospheric conditions .

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Journal Article•DOI Effect of tropospheric temperature change on the zonal mean circulation and SH winter extratropical cyclones Eun-Pa Lim, Ian Simmonds - Show less +1 more 01 Jul 2009-Climate Dynamics 53 Citations	The paper does not directly address the relationship between frequency changes in temperature gradient and extratropical cyclones.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Sensitivity of idealised baroclinic waves to mean atmospheric temperature and meridional temperature gradient changes Mika Rantanen, Jouni Räisänen, Victoria A. Sinclair, Heikki Järvinen - Show less +3 more 01 Mar 2019-Climate Dynamics 8 Citations	The paper does not directly address the relationship between frequency changes in temperature gradient and extratropical cyclones.
Open access•Journal Article•DOI Extratropical Cyclones in Idealized Simulations of Changed Climates Stephan Pfahl, Paul A. O'Gorman, Martin S. Singh - Show less +2 more 07 Dec 2015-Journal of Climate 62 Citations	The provided paper does not directly address the relationship between frequency changes in temperature gradient and extratropical cyclones.
Open access Sensitivity of idealised baroclinic waves to mean atmospheric temperature and meridional temperature gradient changes Mika Rantanen, Jouni Räisänen, Victoria A. Sinclair, Heikki Järvinen - Show less +3 more 01 Apr 2018 2 Citations	The paper does not directly address the relationship between frequency changes in temperature gradient and extratropical cyclones.

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