scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

What is the role of alanine in the development of antibodies? 


Best insight from top research papers

Alanine plays a role in the development of antibodies by contributing to the binding of antibodies to specific antigens. In several studies, alanine substitutions at specific positions in antigens were found to decrease antibody binding, indicating that alanine residues are important for antibody recognition . The presence of alanine in the antigenic determinant was found to be critical for cross-reactivity between bacterial mucopeptides and synthetic polypeptides, suggesting that alanine is involved in the immunologic relationship between these molecules . Additionally, antibodies against β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) were produced using immunogens containing alanine, indicating that alanine is involved in the production and recognition of these antibodies . Overall, these findings suggest that alanine plays a crucial role in antibody development by contributing to antigen recognition and cross-reactivity.

Answers from top 5 papers

More filters
Papers (5)Insight
The provided paper does not mention the role of alanine in the development of antibodies. The paper is about antibodies against β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and their production, use, and related kits.
The provided paper does not discuss the role of alanine in the development of antibodies.
The provided paper does not mention the role of alanine in the development of antibodies.
The provided paper does not specifically mention the role of alanine in the development of antibodies.
The provided paper does not explicitly mention the role of alanine in the development of antibodies.

Related Questions

What role does Phenylalanine play in the binding of antibodies to antigens?5 answersPhenylalanine plays a role in the binding of antibodies to antigens. Antibodies can be modified by incorporating halogenated tyrosines, such as 3-bromo- and 3-chlorotyrosines, which can enhance the shape complementarity between the antigen and antibody molecules, leading to increased affinity towards the antigen. Additionally, a monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody, NS7, has been shown to mimic the binding of the pterin cofactor of phenylalanine hydroxylase. The binding of NS7 to a synthetic peptide corresponding to the phenylalanine hydroxylase sequence was blocked by a competitive inhibitor of phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme activity, indicating the involvement of phenylalanine in the binding site of the enzyme. These findings suggest that phenylalanine is important for the binding of antibodies to antigens and can influence the affinity and specificity of the binding interaction.
What are the structural and functional roles of leucine in antibodies?4 answersLeucine plays important structural and functional roles in antibodies. It has a high propensity for forming α-helical structures, making it abundant in the inner helical cores of proteins. Leucine is also found frequently among residues surrounding the heme in heme proteins, suggesting its role in creating a non-aqueous environment that aids in substrate binding and enzymic catalysis. In addition, leucine has been shown to be a major nucleation center in the folding and evolution of large protein molecules. Furthermore, leucine is present in the recognition domains of antibodies and exhibits chemical and structural complementarity to the recognized crystal surface. The enantioselective binding of one antibody is explained by the significantly fewer chemical interactions arising in the complex after docking to the (D)Leu-(D)Leu-(D)Tyr crystal face. The docking models of antibody-crystal complexes provide a detailed understanding of antibody-antigen interactions.
What is the mechanism by which serine is involved in the development of antibodies?5 answersSerine is involved in the development of antibodies through various mechanisms. One mechanism involves the cleavage reactions of catalytic antibodies, which are mediated by a serine protease mechanism involving a catalytic triad composed of His, Ser, and Asp residues. Another mechanism is the ability of antibodies to interfere with the catalytic machinery of serine proteases through steric hindrance or allosteric inhibition. In steric hindrance, the antibody binds to surface loops and obstructs substrate access. In allosteric inhibition, the antibody binds outside the active site and induces structural changes that impair catalysis, with the 99-loop playing a central role. Additionally, serine amino acid itself can undergo proton transfer and form zwitterionic structures, which contribute to the dynamic aspects of the ionization mechanism. These findings provide insights into the molecular versatility of antibodies in interacting with serine and proteases.
What is the importance of Histidine amino acid in antibodies?5 answersHistidine amino acid plays an important role in antibodies. It helps to stabilize the antibody during storage and has a buffering function. Histidine residues in peptides can affect the adsorption equilibrium and the adsorption capacities of antibodies. Anti-His antibodies or their derived variable regions can be used for detection, monitoring, and targeting of genetically manipulated cells, as well as for the detection and characterization of endogenous His-rich proteins. Histidine tags can be specifically recognized by nanometer antibodies, which can be used for immunity detection, antigen enrichment, and purification. Antibodies that recognize and bind to histidine-rich proteins of Plasmodium falciparum have improved specificity and affinity, enhancing sensitivity in immunoassays.
What is the role of methionine in antibody specificty?5 answersMethionine plays a minor immunologic role in antibody specificity, while cysteic acid and carboxymethyl cysteine are important in immune systems. Methionine residues in proteins can be oxidized to generate methionine sulfoxide, which has been implicated in various processes including normal cell signaling and neurodegenerative diseases. The oxidation of methionine residues in a recombinant monoclonal antibody altered its interaction with protein A and protein G, resulting in a decrease in binding affinity. N-formyl methionine (fMet)-containing proteins have been poorly characterized due to the lack of appropriate tools to detect fMet independently of downstream proximal sequences. The generation of a pan-fMet-specific antibody called anti-fMet has enabled the detection of Nt-formylated proteins in various organisms. The impact of methionine levels in feed on antibody production in broilers was investigated, and it was found that methionine levels did not significantly affect antibody titers.
What are the newest articles about beta-alanine?5 answersBeta-alanine supplementation has been shown to significantly increase muscle carnosine concentrations, acting as an intracellular pH buffer. It is considered safe at recommended doses, with the only reported side effect being paraesthesia (tingling). Daily supplementation of 4 to 6 g of beta-alanine for at least 2 to 4 weeks has been shown to improve exercise performance, particularly in tasks lasting 1 to 4 minutes. Beta-alanine has also been found to attenuate neuromuscular fatigue, especially in older subjects, and may improve tactical performance. Combining beta-alanine with other supplements may be advantageous when taken at high enough doses and for a sufficient duration. More research is needed to determine the effects of beta-alanine on strength, endurance performance beyond 25 minutes, and other health-related benefits. The optimization of beta-alanine supplementation strategies has led to increased muscle carnosine content, which has potential applications in sports and therapeutics.

See what other people are reading

How to prevent alginate from dissolving in RPMI 1640?
4 answers
To prevent alginate from dissolving in RPMI 1640, various methods can be employed based on the research findings. One approach is to encapsulate cells in alginate-poly-L-lysine (Alg-PLL) microcapsules, which can prevent the dissolution of alginate in the medium. Another method involves using a high-shear dissolution cylinder device that ensures quick dissolution of solid sodium alginate materials while maintaining constant-temperature control of the solution. Additionally, incorporating calcium ions in both reaction and storage solutions can help maintain the structural integrity of calcium-alginate beads, preventing their swelling and subsequent breakage. These strategies can effectively prevent alginate from dissolving in RPMI 1640, enabling the successful culture and protection of cells within alginate matrices.
Why non specific defense act rapidly to trigger humoral response?
5 answers
Non-specific defenses act rapidly to trigger a humoral response because they form the initial line of defense against pathogens, swiftly detecting and combating invaders to prevent further infection. The innate immune system, including physical barriers, humoral factors like complement proteins, lysozyme, interferons, and acute-phase proteins, plays a crucial role in this rapid response. For instance, plasma exudation, a non-sieved transmission of bulk plasma across intact mucosa, provides a swift appearance of defense proteins on mucosal surfaces, contributing to innate immunity. Additionally, factors like lysozyme and complement pathways in fishes and catfish demonstrate rapid responses to bacterial invasion, highlighting the importance of non-specific defenses in initiating humoral immune reactions. These mechanisms collectively ensure a quick and effective immune response to protect the host from pathogens.
What is the current state of research on the use of phytochemicals as a preventative measure against diabetes?
4 answers
Current research highlights the potential of phytochemicals from medicinal plants and vitamins in preventing and managing diabetes. Studies emphasize the anti-hypoglycemic activities of phytochemicals like flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids, and other compounds. These natural compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, aiding in diabetes management. Phytoconstituents such as berberine, curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol have shown promise in combating obesity and metabolic disorders, which are closely linked to diabetes. Additionally, phytochemicals play a crucial role in scavenging free radicals, inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolases, and accelerating wound healing, offering potential health benefits in diabetes and associated chronic complications. Further research is needed to explore the molecular mechanisms and clinical efficacy of these phytochemicals for diabetes prevention and treatment.
Why cancer downregulate CD86?
5 answers
Cancer downregulates CD86 as it plays a crucial role in tumor progression and immune evasion. Studies have shown that in melanoma patients, there is a down-regulation of CD86 on monocytes, which impacts immune recognition and response. Additionally, in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients, low levels of CD86 expression were observed in tumor tissues, indicating an immunosuppressive mechanism by the tumor. The downregulation of CD86 hinders antigen presentation to T cells and impairs immune responses against neoplastic cells, contributing to therapy resistance and poor outcomes in infections. These findings suggest that cancer downregulates CD86 to evade immune surveillance and promote tumor growth, highlighting the significance of targeting CD86 for potential immunotherapeutic strategies.
Why would the cancer cells cause downregulation in CD86 and upregulation CD83?
5 answers
Cancer cells exhibit downregulation of CD86 and upregulation of CD83 to impair immune function and evade immune surveillance. The downregulation of CD86 in thyroid papillary carcinoma (TPC) compared to thyroid follicular adenoma (TFA) suggests a mechanism for immune evasion. Conversely, the upregulation of CD83 in peri-cancerous tissues indicates a potential role in the pathogenesis of TPC, with CD83-negative cancer nodules potentially contributing to immune evasion. Additionally, B-cell antigen-presenting cells (BAPCs) with high CD86 expression play a crucial role in tumor immunity, highlighting the significance of CD86 in antitumor immune responses. Therefore, the dysregulation of CD86 and CD83 in cancer cells serves to modulate immune responses, promoting tumor survival and progression.
What is the difference between polyclonal and monoclonal antibody?
5 answers
Polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous antibodies produced by different B cell clones, recognizing various epitopes on an antigen, while monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are homogeneous antibodies generated by identical B cell clones, targeting a specific antigen site. Monoclonal antibodies offer high specificity and targeted treatment, making them preferred over polyclonal antibodies in various diseases, including cancer. The development of mAbs has evolved from murine to chimeric or humanized forms to reduce immunogenicity and enhance efficacy. Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized medicine, with about 20% of new drugs being therapeutic mAbs, particularly in oncology and immunology. Their applications extend to autoimmune diseases, malignancies, and diagnostic assays due to their high affinity and specificity.
Can slow-release carbohydrates in elderly nutrition stabilize blood sugar and provide sustained energy?
10 answers
Slow-release carbohydrates play a crucial role in stabilizing blood sugar levels and providing sustained energy, particularly in the elderly population, who are at an increased risk for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The incorporation of white sweet potato (WSP), a source of healthy carbohydrates, into enteral nutrition formulas for elderly patients with T2DM has shown promising results in attenuating glucose response and improving nutritional status without significant side effects. This suggests that slow-release carbohydrates can indeed stabilize blood sugar levels while enhancing overall nutrition. Moreover, the use of acarbose, a medication that delays the absorption of carbohydrates, in combination with insulin therapy, has been demonstrated to reduce the required insulin dosage in elderly patients with unsatisfactorily controlled T2DM, further supporting the benefit of managing carbohydrate absorption for blood sugar stabilization. Time-restricted feeding (TRF), which inherently limits the intake period for all nutrients including carbohydrates, has also been well tolerated by older adults, indicating an alternative approach to managing blood sugar levels through dietary timing without specifying carbohydrate types. Nutritional support, including the choice between enteral and parenteral nutrition, emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate feeding methods that can accommodate slow-release carbohydrates for the elderly. However, the absorption of carbohydrates, both passive and active, has been shown to decline with age, which could potentially affect the efficacy of carbohydrate-based interventions in elderly populations. Dietary habits among elderly diabetic subjects often do not align with nutritional recommendations, with a noted lower intake of carbohydrates compared to non-diabetic counterparts. This misalignment underscores the need for personalized dietary advice that could include slow-release carbohydrates to ensure both blood sugar stabilization and adequate energy levels. Despite traditional concerns, sucrose-containing formulas have not adversely affected glycemia in elderly diabetic patients, challenging previous assumptions about simple sugars and their impact on blood sugar levels. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been advocated for in older people with diabetes to aid in the more precise management of blood sugar levels, including the effects of dietary carbohydrates. Finally, the correlation between the energy distribution of macronutrients and metabolic parameters in Japanese elderly patients with T2DM suggests that a balanced intake of carbohydrates, including slow-release types, is crucial for managing blood sugar levels and preventing spikes in triglycerides. In conclusion, slow-release carbohydrates can indeed stabilize blood sugar and provide sustained energy in elderly nutrition, but the approach must be carefully tailored to individual needs and absorption capabilities.
How effective are different types of oral wound care for diabetic patients?
5 answers
Different types of oral wound care have shown effectiveness in treating diabetic patients. Studies have highlighted the benefits of treatments like ozone therapy, low-level laser therapy (LLLT), topical insulin application, and tissue-engineered skin substitutes from oral mucosa. Ozone therapy has been found to accelerate epithelium restoration, improving wound healing in diabetic patients. LLLT has shown promise in enhancing wound healing processes in diabetic individuals. Topical insulin application has been proven effective in promoting oral ulcer healing in diabetic rats. Additionally, tissue-engineered skin substitutes from oral mucosa have demonstrated potential for diabetic wound care, with differences in collagen production suggesting improved healing outcomes. These findings collectively emphasize the diverse and promising approaches available for managing oral wounds in diabetic patients.
What is the use of k562 cells?
5 answers
K562 cells are extensively utilized in biomedical research for various purposes. They serve as a valuable tool for large-scale CRISPR/Cas9 screens and cancer cell reprogramming studies, showcasing their versatility in studying cancer progression, disease pathology, and drug sensitivity. Additionally, K562 cells have been engineered to act as a scaffold for artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) in ex vivo lymphocyte expansion, demonstrating their potential in immunotherapies by inducing allo-specific T cells and supporting chimeric antigen receptor-T cell expansion. The comprehensive genomic analysis of K562 cells has provided crucial insights into their genome characteristics, including copy numbers, SNVs, indels, structural variants, and allele-specific variations, making them a valuable resource for understanding regulatory complexity and developing allele-specific CRISPR targeting maps.
How does gestational diabetes affect the long-term health of the babies born to mothers with this condition?
5 answers
Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) face potential long-term health implications. They are at an increased risk of childhood and adult obesity, along with elevated cardiometabolic risks. Additionally, exposure to maternal diabetes during pregnancy can lead to respiratory health issues influenced by fetal and postnatal environmental factors, potentially resulting in respiratory disorders later in life. Furthermore, there are medium- and long-term risks beyond pregnancy for both the mother and child, emphasizing the importance of addressing lifestyle changes postpartum to mitigate these risks. Research suggests that maternal diabetes can have lasting effects on offspring health, necessitating further studies to understand the full extent of these consequences.
What are the primary causes of type 2 diabetes?
4 answers
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) primarily results from a combination of factors including defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and insulin resistance in tissues. Genetic factors like insulin-related genes and environmental factors such as obesity, aging, and glucotoxicity contribute to the development of T2DM. Insulin resistance leads to reduced insulin receptor binding and phosphorylation, affecting glucose uptake and metabolism. Additionally, disturbances in microbiota, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress play roles in T2DM pathogenesis. The disease progression involves a decline in pancreatic islet cell function and peripheral insulin resistance, ultimately leading to hyperglycemia and metabolic disorders. Lifestyle factors like physical inactivity and poor diet also significantly contribute to the multifactorial nature of T2DM.