What are the applications of Mg alloys in implants?4 answersMagnesium (Mg) alloys are promising materials for biodegradable temporary implants due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties. However, their rapid corrosion rates in physiological environments hinder their widespread use. To address this, various coating methodologies have been explored, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings and hybrid coatings with synthetic and natural polymers. These coatings enhance corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and mechanical integrity of Mg alloys, making them suitable for biomedical applications. Surface modifications like plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) have also been successful in reducing corrosion rates and improving biological properties of Mg implants, promoting cell proliferation and extracellular matrix formation. Overall, the applications of Mg alloys in implants benefit from these coating and modification strategies to overcome corrosion challenges and enhance functionality.
Endourology in Cuba?5 answersEndourology in Cuba has a rich history dating back to the early 19th century, with notable figures like Dr. Tomás Montes de Oca pioneering urological procedures. Contemporary research in Cuba focuses on various urological conditions, with endoscopic treatment being highlighted as an initial therapeutic option for primary vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric patients. Additionally, Cuba's advanced medical education system and biomedical research institutions contribute to innovative healthcare approaches, such as regenerative medicine using adult stem cells for diverse degenerative disorders. The geological diversity of Cuba also plays a role, providing favorable conditions for the formation of industrial minerals and rocks, which have practical uses in various industries, including medicine. Overall, Cuba's urological landscape combines historical significance, modern treatment modalities, innovative medical approaches, and geological resources.
How common are cardiac tumors?4 answersCardiac tumors are rare entities in clinical practice, encompassing primary (benign or malignant) and secondary tumors, with metastases being more prevalent. Primary cardiac tumors are exceedingly rare, with myxomas being the most common benign tumor, while sarcomas are the most common malignant primary tumors. Metastatic tumors, often originating from lung, breast, gastrointestinal tract, or ovary carcinomas, are more frequent and can present with various symptoms, including cardiovascular, systemic, or embolic manifestations. Diagnosis of cardiac tumors can be challenging due to their rarity and nonspecific symptoms, with imaging techniques like echocardiography, CT, and MRI playing crucial roles in detection and characterization. Overall, while primary cardiac tumors are rare, metastatic tumors are more common, emphasizing the importance of considering cardiac involvement in patients with cancer presenting with cardiovascular symptoms.
What is a siliconoma?5 answersA siliconoma is a local inflammatory reaction of granulomatous type caused by the leakage or migration of free liquid silicone injected into the body. It is a common complication of silicone injections at multiple sites. Siliconoma can occur in various parts of the body, including the breast, gluteal region, and penis. It can lead to symptoms such as pain, palpable tumefactions, and chronic skin ulceration. In some cases, siliconoma-induced hypercalcemia can occur, which is characterized by severe hypercalcemia secondary to a foreign body granulomatous process induced by silicone. Treatment options for siliconoma include medical management, palliative debridement with siliconoma removal, and surgical intervention such as skin grafting.
What is chondrosarcoma?5 answersChondrosarcoma is a diverse group of malignant cartilaginous matrix-producing neoplasms that primarily affects adults. It is the second most prevalent neoplastic bone tumor and accounts for about 25% of all bone sarcomas. Chondrosarcomas can occur in any bone containing cartilage, but they are most commonly found in the pelvis, femur, shoulder bones, and ribs. The tumors can vary in biologic activity, ranging from low-grade tumors to aggressive high-grade tumors. Diagnosis of chondrosarcoma is based on a complex algorithm that involves collecting patient complaints, clinical symptoms, and imaging studies, as well as histopathological analysis. Surgical resection is the main curative treatment for chondrosarcoma, as it is resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Non-surgical treatment options are still being investigated, and more research is needed to analyze the factors affecting prognosis.
In what animal is the triceps brachii important?4 answersThe triceps brachii muscle is important in goats, camels, dogs, and mice. In goats, the triceps brachii muscle is important for functionality and useful for clinicians during intramuscular drug administration. In camels, the triceps brachii muscle plays a role in meat production, with increased morphometric values observed as the animal ages. In dogs, injury to the triceps brachii tendon can result in severe pain and loss of limb function, requiring surgical treatment. In mice, the triceps brachii muscle can experience an increase in mass when treated with 20-hydroxyecdysone, a phytoecdysteroid.