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What is the role of counterelectrodes in transcutaneous measurement?

Reference electrode

Working electrode

Electrochromism

Glass electrode

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Counterelectrodes play a crucial role in transcutaneous measurements by providing a reference point for the measurement process. In transcutaneous sensor configurations, counterelectrodes are utilized alongside working electrodes to measure physiological conditions of patients. Additionally, in electrochromic indicator devices, counterelectrodes made of activated carbon and organic binders enable high-charge density through ion migration with minimal voltage application. The counterelectrode's function is essential in maintaining the electrochemical balance necessary for accurate measurements in various transcutaneous analysis techniques, such as transcutaneous oxygen measurements (TCPO2) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). By providing a stable reference point, counterelectrodes contribute to the reliability and precision of transcutaneous measurements in medical applications.

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Patent Counterelectrode for an electrochromic indicating device Jutta Heinz, Helmut Sautter, Rainer Schink, Lothar Weber - Show less +3 more 25 Mar 1983 8 Citations	Not addressed in the paper.
Open access•Proceedings Article•DOI A novel approach to transcutaneous localization of blood vessels using a dynamically reconfigurable electrode (DRE) array Zaheer Q. Hashim, Loucas Constantinou, Panayiotis A. Kyriacou, Iasonas F. Triantis - Show less +3 more 01 Oct 2016	Counterelectrodes in transcutaneous measurement help localize blood vessels by adjusting electrode placement and size, enhancing sensitivity and reducing interference from surrounding tissue, as shown in the DRE array study.
Journal Article•DOI The effect of the transcutaneous electrode on the variability of dermal oxygen tension changes V. A. Spence, Peter T. McCollum, I W McGregor, S J Sherwin, W F Walker - Show less +4 more 01 May 1985-Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 14 Citations	Counterelectrodes in transcutaneous measurements are crucial for assessing dermal oxygen tension changes. The study highlights the impact of electrode characteristics on the accuracy of measurements.
Patent Transcutaneous sensor with dual electrodes and methods of detecting and compensating for withdrawal of a transcutaneous sensor from a patient Feldman Benjamin 02 May 2019	The counterelectrodes in transcutaneous sensors help measure physiological conditions by providing reference points for the first and second working electrodes, aiding in accurate detection and compensation for sensor withdrawal.
Patent Transcutaneous carbon dioxide measurement electrode assembly Junichi Hiramoto, Tamotsu Fukai, Shinichi C O Osaka Work Ohkawa - Show less +2 more 29 Apr 1981 3 Citations	The counterelectrodes in transcutaneous measurement serve as reference electrodes around the glass electrode, forming a crucial part of the gas measuring assembly for accurate measurements.

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