Is there any association between NEK2 expression and diabetes type 2?5 answersNEK2 expression has been extensively studied in various contexts, including diabetes type 2 (T2DM). While NEK2 is primarily known for its role in tumor growth regulation, its association with T2DM has not been extensively explored. However, research on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in T2DM patients revealed significant upregulation of lncRNAs like NEK2 in T2DM cases compared to healthy controls. This suggests a potential link between NEK2 expression and T2DM, indicating that NEK2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Further studies focusing specifically on the relationship between NEK2 expression and T2DM could provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying this metabolic disorder.
How does DKK1 and DKK2 regulate Wnt signalling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma?5 answersDKK1 and DKK2 play crucial roles in regulating the Wnt signaling pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). DKK1 mutations lead to inhibitory function, resulting in over-activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling and disruptive dental epithelium development, contributing to mesiodens formation. On the other hand, DKK2 is implicated in the modulation of the Wnt pathway in OSCC. Studies have shown that DKK2 is involved in inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway, acting as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating oncogenic Wnt signaling. Therefore, both DKK1 and DKK2 exert significant influence on the Wnt signaling cascade in OSCC, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets for modulating this pathway in oral cancer.
Which of the kinases genes are involved in the development of oral cancer?5 answersThe development of oral cancer involves various kinase genes. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) has been identified as a crucial gene required for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell proliferation, with elevated expression associated with poor prognosis. Additionally, the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway plays a role in OSCC development, with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) showing frequent mutations in OSCC patients. Furthermore, casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1e) gene polymorphisms have been linked to increased susceptibility to oral squamous cell carcinoma, especially when combined with environmental carcinogens like smoking and betel-quid chewing. These findings highlight the significance of kinases such as PLK1, EGFR, and CK1e in the pathogenesis of oral cancer.
What is the role of Ets 2 oncogene in the development of cancer?5 answersThe Ets-2 oncogene plays a role in the development of cancer by promoting tumor initiation and growth in pancreatic cancer. It regulates essential signaling pathways in stromal fibroblasts and is critical for tumor-stroma co-evolution. In prostate cancer, the Ets-2 related gene (ERG) is consistently overexpressed and is involved in tumor progression, enhancing tumor growth, promoting inflammatory and angiogenic responses, and increasing the ability of cancer cells to metastasize. In various human cancers, including ovarian cancer, inappropriate expression of Ets-1, another member of the Ets transcription factor family, is observed and is associated with transformation, autonomous proliferation, and tumor formation. Ets-1 regulates the important cellular mitogen transforming growth factor α (TGFα), which is involved in tumor cell proliferation and autonomous growth. The electromagnetic fields can treat tumors and the PCR/RFLPs technique using ETS-1 oncogene can be a useful diagnostic technique.
Whats the role of PKS in bird and fishes that have the gene5 answersPolyketide synthase (PKS) plays a crucial role in the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in marine microorganisms such as Schizochytrium sp.. PKS genes are responsible for the production of PUFA in these organisms. Disruption of PKS genes, such as chain length factor (CLF) and dehydrogenase (DH), leads to a significant decrease in PUFA yield and an increase in saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion. The disruption of CLF specifically affects the final elongation from C-20 to C-22 PUFAs. Metabolomics analysis suggests that the disruption of PKS genes weakens glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathways. In addition to marine microorganisms, PKS genes have also been identified in plants, where they are involved in the production of polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids. Overall, PKS genes play a crucial role in the synthesis of PUFAs in both marine microorganisms and plants.
What is medullary thyroid cancer?2 answersMedullary thyroid cancer is a neuroendocrine malignancy that can occur sporadically or as the result of genomic rearranged during transfection mutations. It has a higher rate of metastasis than well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Lateral neck dissection is often performed, and its prophylactic use is controversial. Lateral neck dissection has no effect in decreasing locoregional or overall recurrences in medullary thyroid cancer and has no effect in overall survival when performed prophylactically at index surgical intervention. Sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare disorder with a variable clinical course. On average, MTC is more aggressive than differentiated thyroid cancer. Surgery is the primary curative treatment modality in the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a part of “multiple endocrine neoplasia” syndromes in 25% of the cases.