Why Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia used in Antibiotic susceptibility test?5 answersStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are commonly used in antibiotic susceptibility tests due to their clinical relevance and impact on public health. These bacteria are known to cause severe infections, including bloodstream infections, which require prompt and accurate treatment. Antibiotic susceptibility testing helps in determining the effectiveness of different antimicrobial agents against these pathogens, aiding in selecting the most appropriate treatment regimen. For instance, rapid tests like EUCAST-RAST and the drop test have been developed to quickly assess susceptibility to specific antibiotics like colistin and piperacillin-tazobactam in these bacteria, allowing for timely and targeted treatment decisions. Studying the susceptibility patterns of these bacteria is crucial in combating the rising issue of antibiotic resistance and ensuring successful patient outcomes.
What is the current global resistance rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae?4 answersThe current global resistance rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae varies depending on the antimicrobial agent being studied. Studies have shown that the prevalence of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from bloodstream infections is relatively low, with a pooled prevalence of 3.1%. On the other hand, the resistance to carbapenems, such as ertapenem, imipenem, and meropenem, has been increasing over the years, with a significant rise observed in 2021 compared to 2019. Additionally, the prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Klebsiella pneumoniae from bloodstream infections is notably high, ranging around 80.1%. These findings highlight the importance of continuous monitoring and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance patterns in Klebsiella pneumoniae to guide appropriate treatment strategies and infection control measures.
Why are in vitro assays the method of choice for assessing the effects of substances or medications?5 answersIn vitro assays are the method of choice for assessing the effects of substances or medications due to several reasons. Firstly, the advancements in in vitro and in silico technologies have made it possible to use in vitro approaches in assessing risks of chemicals and drugs. Secondly, in vitro methods and models have gained tremendous interest as they allow the detection of chemical or drug toxicity without animal suffering, providing a more ethical alternative. Thirdly, in vitro systems, especially those containing human cells, have opened up new possibilities in tissue engineering, pathophysiological applications, and determining the pharmacological influences of drugs. Additionally, in vitro methods using human cells and assessing mechanistically relevant endpoints have the potential to detect clinically significant human toxicities that animal studies may miss. Lastly, in vitro assays offer a cost-effective and efficient way to determine toxicity, making them a valuable tool in toxicological studies.
What is the resistance mechanism of Acinetobacter baumannii to meropenem?5 answersResistance mechanisms of Acinetobacter baumannii to meropenem are not specifically mentioned in the provided abstracts. However, the abstract by Tavasol et al. discusses the resistance of A. baumannii clinical isolates to carbapenems, including meropenem. It states that resistance to imipenem and meropenem was detected in 62% and 64% of cases, respectively. This suggests that A. baumannii has a high resistance rate to meropenem. The abstract by Liu et al. mentions that efflux pump is the key mechanism for tigecycline resistance in A. baumannii. Although not directly related to meropenem resistance, this information suggests that efflux pump mechanisms may also play a role in resistance to other antibiotics, including meropenem. Further research is needed to determine the specific resistance mechanisms of A. baumannii to meropenem.
What are the risk factors for bacteremia due to multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii to meropenem in patients on hemodialysis?3 answersBacteremia due to multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii to meropenem in patients on hemodialysis is associated with several risk factors. These include prior hemodialysis, prior use of carbapenem, and combined pulmonary disease. Other risk factors include co-infection, prior mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, and prior tracheostomy. Additionally, the use of teicoplaninand the severity of illness, as indicated by the APACHE II score and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, are also associated with an increased risk of bacteremia. However, the presence of biofilm-forming A. baumannii isolates does not appear to be a significant risk factor for mortality in patients with bacteremia.
What are the factors that contribute to the development of carbapenem resistance?5 answersCarbapenem resistance is caused by various factors including efflux pump, porin mutation, and production of carbapenemase enzymes that hydrolyze the drug. Risk factors associated with increased susceptibility to develop carbapenem resistance include renal disease, admission from another healthcare facility, ventilation during hospitalization, receipt of any carbapenem in the prior 30 days, and receipt of any anti-MRSA agent in the prior 30 days. The emergence and spread of carbapenem resistance is a global health concern, with clonal dissemination of resistant bacteria reported at an alarming rate. Carbapenemases, such as NDM, KPC, OXA-48, VIM, and IMP, play a significant role in carbapenem resistance and are prevalent in different regions. The detection of carbapenem resistance is challenging, and efficient infection control practices are necessary to prevent transmission.