Do chemical antiparasites have side effect on patient?5 answersChemical antiparasite drugs can have side effects on patients. The use of benzimidazole compounds, praziquantel, and ivermectin has revolutionized the treatment of parasitic infections, offering more effective and relatively non-toxic options. However, the development of drug resistance in parasites, such as Plasmodium spp., has led to a decrease in the effectiveness of available treatments. Despite this, there have been therapeutic breakthroughs in the development of safe drugs with minimal side effects for single-dose use in control programs against endemic parasite diseases. Adverse effects of antiparasite therapy can include hepatotoxic reactions, which are most commonly associated with the use of pyrazinamide. Additionally, the presence of concurrent parasitic infections does not appear to be directly related to the occurrence or extent of side effects from ivermectin treatment. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of drug-induced adverse reactions and to develop more effective and safer treatments for parasitic diseases.
Dosage of supplement for chicken5 answersThe optimal dosage of the feed additive for chickens varies depending on the specific supplement being used. For the Biogerm feed additive, the optimal dose is 10 kg/t of combined feed PK-1. The study on the safety of the feed additive Liaform found that a dose of 2 g/kg of feed was recommended, while a dose of 20 g/kg did not have a negative impact on productivity or growth. In the study on the multienzyme supplement, doses of 0.5 mL/L, 1.0 mL/L, and 1.5 mL/L of drinking water were used, with the 1.0 mL/L and 1.5 mL/L doses showing improvements in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The Alhagi honey polysaccharides were tested at three dosages: 0.3 g/kg, 0.6 g/kg, and 1.2 g/kg, with the 1.2 g/kg dosage showing the best results in improving chicken health. The isoflavone-supplemented feed provided total levels of isoflavones ranging from 1640 mg/kg to 3890 mg/kg, with an additional 750 mg/kg to 3000 mg/kg.
What is the UV dosage to kill bacteria?5 answersUV dosage required to kill bacteria varies widely between species of microbes. Different parameters are used to define UV susceptibility, including the UV rate constant (Z value or Z eff), inactivation cross-section, and the D90 (UV dose to inactivate 90%). The classic lethal hit dose, D37, refers to a 37% survival dose or 63.2% inactivation. Studies have shown that UVC radiation at 254 nm is extremely effective in killing bacteria without damaging human skin, achieving a 97.43% microorganism killing rate. The antibacterial action of UVA light emitted by UV LEDs prevents proliferation of bacteria in disinfected water due to photoreactivation. The UV dosage required for a 99.9% inactivation of bacteria is comparable to that required for total coliforms and standard plate count microorganisms, but viruses, bacterial spores, and amoebic cysts require higher doses.
Does cefuroxime reduces the effectiveness of oral contraceptives?3 answersCefuroxime's effect on the effectiveness of oral contraceptives is not mentioned in the provided abstracts.
How much antibiotics are used in East Africa in animals?5 answersAntibiotic use in animals in East Africa is a significant concern. Studies have shown high levels of antimicrobial use in food animal production systems in Ethiopia, with tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and penicillins being the most commonly used classes of antibiotics. Similarly, in Kenya, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and aminoglycosides were found to be the most commonly used drugs in food-producing animals. The percentage of farms using antimicrobials in animal production ranged from 77.6% in Nigeria to 100% in Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Ghana, and Egypt. However, there is a lack of national antimicrobial use and resistance surveillance systems in animals in Africa, including East Africa. These findings highlight the need for interventions to improve the knowledge and practices of smallholder farmers and to develop surveillance systems to monitor and control antimicrobial use in animals in East Africa.
Do fungi increase after antibiotic treatment?5 answersAntibiotic treatment can lead to an increase in fungi. While the antagonistic effect of most antibiotics on fungi is not as striking as on other microorganisms, the use of wide-spectrum antibiotics has been associated with an increasing incidence of moniliasis, a fungal infection. In addition, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics has been proposed as a reason for the increase in invasive fungal infections in critically ill patients. Candida species, which are common fungal pathogens, can invade tissues normally resistant to invasion, leading to mucosal and systemic candidiasis. However, it is important to note that infection with fungi after antibiotic therapy is a complex phenomenon that is part of the general problem of superinfection with antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.