For people with diabetes , what is the recommended saturated fatty acids intake ?5 answersFor individuals with diabetes, the recommended intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) is a topic of interest and debate. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) suggests that people with diabetes should consume the same amount of saturated fat as the general population. However, studies have shown that a hyper-caloric intake of SFAs may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Research indicates that lower intake of saturated fatty acids, particularly from dairy products, is associated with persistently higher brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in type 2 diabetes patients, independently of other atherosclerotic risk factors. Therefore, while the ADA recommends a similar intake of SFAs for individuals with diabetes as for the general population, monitoring the sources and amounts of saturated fats, especially from dairy products, may be beneficial for managing cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes.
How Diabetes effect Blood glucose and lipid?5 answersDiabetes affects blood glucose and lipid levels significantly. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), there is a positive association between blood glucose levels and triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and lipid ratios like TG/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C. Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors impact lipid metabolism by increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreasing triglycerides and total cholesterol in T2DM patients. Lipid abnormalities, including elevated triglycerides and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, are common in T2DM patients even with good glycemic control. Dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated triglycerides and decreased HDL cholesterol, is prevalent in male T2DM patients with higher BMI. Additionally, dyslipidemia and diabetic nephropathy are common complications of diabetes, with hyperglycemia contributing to lipid derangements and nephropathy.
What is the effect of fat quantity on glycemic index in type 2 diabetes?4 answersThe effect of fat quantity on glycemic index in type 2 diabetes is that fat ingested without other macronutrients increases glucose excursions from 4 to 8 hours after ingestion in a dose-dependent manner. This means that increasing loads of fat cause a proportionally larger increase in glycemic excursion, which remains statistically significant until 8 hours after consumption. Additionally, a high-fat, high-glycemic index, low-fiber dietary pattern is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women. These findings suggest that fat quantity plays a role in glycemic control and should be considered when managing blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
What are the effects of omega 3 supplementation in people with diabetes?5 answersOmega-3 supplementation has been shown to have beneficial effects in people with diabetes. It can improve endothelial function and vascular structure, leading to a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplements have also been found to be effective in treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DSPN), reducing pain symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Different sources of omega-3 PUFA, such as fatty fish and vegetable oils, may have different effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Plant-based omega-3 PUFA supplementation has been shown to reduce fasting blood glucose, while marine-based omega-3 PUFA can reduce serum levels of triglycerides. These effects may be mediated through the regulation of glycolipid metabolism. Overall, omega-3 supplementation can have positive effects on vascular function, neuropathy symptoms, and glucose and lipid metabolism in people with diabetes.
Does fatty acid metabolism increase nad levels?4 answersFatty acid metabolism can increase NAD+ levels in adipocytes. Genistein, a nutraceutical derived from soybeans, has been shown to enhance NAD+ biosynthesis by increasing the expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting enzyme in NAD+ biosynthesis. Additionally, genistein-bound prohibitin 1 (PHB1) contributes to the stabilization of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β, resulting in increased NAMPT expression at the transcriptional level. This increase in NAD+ levels in adipocytes has been associated with improved glucose and lipid metabolism. On the other hand, the effect of fatty acid metabolism on NAD+ levels in other tissues, such as β cells and heart tissue, was not specifically addressed in the provided abstracts.
What are the effects of free fatty acids on the physiology of aquatic species?5 answersFree fatty acids (FFAs) have significant effects on the physiology of aquatic species. FFAs are essential components of cell membranes and serve as a major source of nutrients and energy in aquatic food webs. In aquatic invertebrates, environmental stressors can disrupt lipid metabolism and homeostasis, affecting their normal life cycle. Manipulating the tissue lipids of farmed fish by feeding them different natural oils can have significant effects on their respiratory and cardiovascular physiology. Fish with tissue lipids rich in highly unsaturated FFAs (n-3HUFAs) have lower metabolic rates and increased tolerance to hypoxia compared to fish with tissues rich in saturated FFAs (SFAs). Additionally, the combination of FFAs and iron in tobacco smoke can contribute to chronic pulmonary inflammation and carcinogenesis. Overall, FFAs play a crucial role in the physiology and health of aquatic species, and their effects can be influenced by environmental stressors and dietary intake.