Showing papers on "Ammonium perchlorate published in 1993"

Energetic materials in ceramics synthesis

Abstract: Combustion of a proper combination of an oxidizer and a fuel can produce the exothermicity required for the simultaneous synthesis of oxide ceramic powders. Oxidizers include metal nitrates, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium perchlorate, while urea, carbohydrazide, glycine and others have been used successfully as fuels. Combustion methods are particularly well-suited to producing multicomponent metal oxides, yielding compositionally homogeneous, fine particles with low impurity content. Organic fuels, particularly those containing nitrogen, also serve as a complexant in the precursor, which inhibits inhomogeneous precipitation from occurring prior to combustion. The exothermic redox decomposition of these oxidizer-fuel mixtures is initiated at low temperatures, usually <250°C. Properties of the products are influenced by the nature of the fuel and the oxidizer/fuel ratio. Many technologically important oxide ceramics have been produced by these methods.

Aluminized eutectic bonded insensitive high explosive

Abstract: An insensitive high explosive is obtained by using a dicyandiamide (DCDA), ammonium nitrate (AN), guanidine nitrate (GN), ethylene diamine dinitrate (EDDN) eutectic melt binder in combination with ammonium perchlorate (AP) oxidizer, fine RDX (1 μm to 10 μm particle size), and aluminum metal as a fuel. The fine RDX particles improve performance, boosterability, and sensitivity. The inclusion of AP greatly improves air blast by adding oxygen to the reaction and insuring complete combustion of the ingredients. The aluminum extends the pressure pulse. The ratio of materials is formulated to obtain the lowest known processing temperature.

Combustion Studies of Boron, Magnesium, and Aluminum Composite Propellants

Abstract: The macroscopically steady combustion behavior of AP (ammonium perchlorate)-HTPB (hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) propellants containing boron and magnesium was examined using thermocouples and fiber optics and compared with previous results for similar aluminized propellants. Addition of magnesium at constant AP-HTPB ratio was found to increase propellant burning rate moderately while boron increased burning rate substantially. These increases were greater than those previously observed for similar aluminized propellants, A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the relative importance of various mechanisms such as conductive heat feedback, radiative feedback, and condensed phase heat release. For boron and magnesium the propellant burning rate was found to be most sensitive to changes in condensed phase heat release while the aluminized propellant was found to be most sensitive to radiative feedback. These observations are attributed to the properties of the various metals and their...

Ambient temperature mix, cast, and cure composite propellant formulations

Abstract: Composite propellant formulations containing a novel combination of bonding agent and cure catalyst together with carefully balanced HTPB binder and isocyanate curative may be mixed, cast, and cured at ambient temperature. The NCO/OH ratio is in the range from about 0.8 to about 0.9. The propellant formulations include as typical solid ingredients an oxidizer such as ammonium perchlorate and a reactive metal fuel such as aluminum. A plasticizer may optionally be included in the propellant to improve processing and low temperature properties. The bonding agents used in the present invention include a Schiff base or a combination of Schiff base and hydroxyl or amine functionality.

Desensitized solid rocket propellant formulation

Abstract: A composite propellant composition and process are disclosed for reducing e reactive violence during cook-off and to improve the performance of a potassium perchlorate/ammonium perchlorate propellant composition wherein 0.25-2.0% by weight, of iron oxide replaces 0.25-2.0% by weight, of potassium perchlorate in the composition.

Kinetic parameters of overall gas-phase reactions for propellants based on ammonium perchlorate and polybutadiene binder

Abstract: A technique is described for calculating the thermal kinetic parameters of an overall reaction v1A1+v2A2→v3A3+v4P which approximates a multistage kinetic mechanism. The stoichiometric coefficients vi, the rate constant and order of the reaction, and the thermodynamic parameters of the reagents Ai and final reaction product P are obtained at pressures p=10–100 atm using the heat release functions based on kinetic schemes describing the chemical structure of the flames of ammonium perchlorate and homogeneous composite propellants consisting of ammonium perchlorate and polybutadiene binder.

Oxazoline bonding agents in composite propellants

Abstract: Oxazolines useful as bonding agents in solid rocket propellants are disclosed. The oxazoline bonding agents are capable of polymerizing in the presence of ammonium perchlorate. The bonding agents of the present invention are added to the propellant in a range from about 0.1% to about 3% concentration. Importantly, there is no increase in ammonia liberated above baseline propellant values and no increase in end of mix viscosities by using the oxazolines according to the present invention which provides substantial processing savings.

Vinyl ethers as nonammonia producing bonding agents in composite propellant formulations

Abstract: Vinyl ethers for use as bonding agents in solid rocket propellants are disclosed. The vinyl ether bonding agents are capable of polymerizing in the presence of and around the surface of ammonium perchlorate particles. The bonding agents of the present invention are added to the propellant in a range from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight concentration. Importantly, there is no increase in ammonia liberated above baseline propellant values and no increase in end of mix viscosities by using the vinyl ethers according to the present invention which provides substantial processing savings.

A novel electrochemical process for the production of ammonium perchlorate

Abstract: Perchloric acid, HCLO4, and ammonium perchlorate, NH4ClO4, of high purity have been produced by electrolysis of chloric acid and subsequent reaction with high purity ammonium hydroxide to produce ammonium perchlorate. The process involves no alkali metals, chlorides or transition metals such as chromates, and thus produces propellant and explosive grade ammonium perchlorate of high purity and with no associated instability or pollution problems. The products can be recovered by solution crystallization-drying or direct spray-drying, respectively.

Chlorinated resin composition

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a chlorinated resin composition which causes neither bleeding nor blooming and is excellent in heat resistance, initial coloratim, heat aging resistance and light resistance CONSTITUTION:The composition comprises 100 ptswt of a chlorinated resin, 0001-10 ptswt of ammonium perchlorate, and 0001-10 ptswt of at least one member selected from the group consisting of metal perchlorates, hydrotalcite treated with perchloric acid, and silicates treated with perchloric acid

Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the above propellant which is low in pressure index by specifying the weight average grain sizes of ammonium perchlorate to a prescribed range and using polyether having an azide methyl group as the essential component of a binder. CONSTITUTION:The ammonium perchlorate of an oxidizing agent is used at 70 to 86wt.% of the solid propellant and the weight average grain sizes thereof are specified to 100 to 250mum. The grain sizes are adjusted by mixing particles having 400mum, 200mum, 35mum, 10mum, and 5mum grain sizes at prescribed ratios. The binder is prepd. by adding and mixing a plasticizer (e.g. isodecyl pelargonate), a hardener (e.g. isophorone diisocyanate), a crosslinking agent (e.g. trimethylol propane and a hardening catalyst (e.g. dibutyltin dilaurate) to and with azide methyl methyoxysetane which is an essential component. The oxidizing agent and the binder are then charged at about 80:20 ratio by weight and are intimately mixed in a vacuum at about 60 deg.C; thereafter, the mixture is cast into a prescribed container under vacuum deforming. The molding is cured at about 60 deg.C, by which the above propellant having <=0.2 pressure index is obtd.

Carbon treatment of reclaimed ammonium perchlorate

Abstract: A process for treating reclaimed ammonium perchlorate with carbon to produce rounded particles upon recrystallization is disclosed. In the process, a recovered ammonium perchlorate solution is contacted with activated carbon, preferably by passage through a packed column. Contamination that modifies the ammonium perchlorate crystal habit and causes rhombic-shaped ammonium perchlorate particles is removed by activated carbon. The carbon-treated ammonium perchlorate solution produces rounded AP particles upon recrystallization with mechanical agitation.

Linear gas generating agent

Abstract: PURPOSE:To stably burn the agent under a low atmosphere pressure by arranging a fibrous material with the length greater than the diameter in the axial direction. CONSTITUTION:Fifty parts of ammonium perchlorate having about 200mum average particle diameter, 30 parts of a gas generating agent such as ammonium perchlorate having about 15mum average particle diameter and 20 parts of a fuel binder such as hydroxylated polybutadiene are mixed under reduced pressure to obtain a slurry. The slurry is mixed with a fibrous material of Al, Fe, Cu, etc., consisting of single or plural strands having 0.1mum to 1mm diameter. The mixture is then injected from a nozzle, heated, polymerized and cured to obtain a linear gas generating agent.

Combustion Behaviour of Advanced Solid Propellants

Abstract: The study reports the effect of incorporation of Al and ammonium perchlorate (AP) individually and in combination with each other on combustion pattern and specific impulse (Isp) of minimum signature propellants. Incorporation of Al obviates the combustion instability problems; however, it has marginal effect on burning rates. The composition containing AP and zirconium silicate combination gives superior performance; however, its Isp is considerably lower than the composition incorporating 9 per cent AP. A combination of 6 per cent Al gave 20 per cent enhancement in burning rate and 12 s increase in Isp as compared to purely nitramine-based composition, cal-val results also reveal increase in energy output on incorporating AP and Al. Hot stage microscopic and propellant combustion studies indicate occurrence of intense decomposition reaction in case of AP-based compositions.

Investigation of the Origin of Hot Spots in Deformed Crystals: Final Report on Ammonium Perchlorate Studies

Abstract: : A number of single crystals of ammonium perchlorate (A-P) were shock loaded near the reaction threshold to investigate the effects of concentrated lattice defects (dislocations) and differing crystal orientations on chemical reactivity. Large, optical quality crystals of pure AP were immersed in mineral oil and shocked through either the (001) or 210 surfaces by a detonator. Prior to shock loading, some crystals had localized regions of increased lattice defects and strain created by placing diamond pyramid (Vickers) hardness impressions into their exterior cleavage surfaces. High-speed photographs showed preferential cracking and luminosity near some of the hardness impressions. The photographs also revealed the occurrence of the same slip deformation identified previously from hardness testing. The shocked crystals were recovered, sometimes intact, for microstructural characterization and chemical analyses. Crystal orientation relative to the shock propagation direction changed the dynamic response and threshold for decomposition of the crystal, indicating the influence of material microstructure. Along these freshly cleaved surfaces, the XPS results showed enhanced lattice disruption and perchlorate decomposition as a result of the hardness impressions. The greatest decomposition was not immediately adjacent to the impressions, but near the tips of cracks and along slip planes emanating from the impressions several millimeters, or more, into the crystal.... Ammonium perchlorate, X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy, Hot spot, Dislocation density, Microhardness, Shock reactivity.

Heterogeneous mixture of rocket fuels, in particular for the propulsion of vehicles such as rockets, and process for its preparation

Abstract: A solid mixture of rocket fuels, in particular for the propulsion of vehicles such as rockets, of the type consisting at least of an oxidiser chosen from the group including hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) of chemical formula (N2H5C(NO2)3), nitrinium perchlorate (NP) of chemical formula (NO2ClO4), ammonium perchlorate (AP) of chemical formula (NH4ClO4), ammonium nitroformate (ANF) of chemical formula (NH4C(NO2)3), of a fuel chosen from the group including boron (B), aluminium (Al) and aluminium hydride (AlH3), of an energetic binder chosen from the group including polyglycidyl nitrate (PGN) of chemical formula (C3H5NO4)n and polynitromethoxymethyloxetane (poly(NIMMO)) of chemical formula (C5H9NO4)n.