Showing papers on "Attentional blink published in 1994"
TL;DR: It is suggested that visual attention is not a high-speed switching mecha-nism, but a sustained state during which relevant objects become available to influence behaviour, consistent with recent physiological results in the monkey.
Abstract: In vision, attentional limitations are reflected in interference or reduced accuracy when two objects must be identified at once in a brief display. In our experiments a brief temporal separation was introduced between the two objects to be identified. We measured how long the object continued to interfere with the second, and hence the time course of the first object's attentional demand. According to conventional serial models, attention is assigned rapidly to one object after another, with a dwell time of only a few dozen milliseconds per item. But we report here that interference lasts for several hundred milliseconds--an order of magnitude more than the prediction of conventional models. We suggest that visual attention is not a high-speed switching mechanism, but a sustained state during which relevant objects become available to influence behaviour. This conclusion is consistent with recent physiological results in the monkey.
630 citations
TL;DR: The present article reports a series of experiments in which the temporary attentional deficits that ensue when humans are required to select a target from among a temporal stream of stimuli presented at a rapid rate.
Abstract: To investigate the temporal allocation of attention, a series of 7 experiments using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) was designed to examine the relationship of the attentional demands of various target tasks to the production of the subsequent visual attentional deficit, or "attentional blink" (AB), recently reported by J. E. Raymond, K. L. Shapiro, and K. M. Amell (1992). The principal finding is that AB occurs only when a target is an object and does not occur when the target is defined by a temporal interval. Target detection difficulty as estimated by d' analysis reveals no relationship between the attentional demands of the target and the production of the AB. A late-selection account of this phenomenon is offered in place of the early-selection account advanced in Raymond et al.'s previous report. Many studies of visual attention have addressed issues concerning the allocation of attention to spatially distributed visual information that is presented for brief intervals. The experiments reported in this article, however, are concerned with how attention is allocated to visual information that is distributed over time but presented in a restricted area of the visual field. The present article reports a series of experiments in which we investigated the temporary attentional deficits that ensue when humans are required to select a target from among a temporal stream of stimuli presented at a rapid rate. The task used in all experiments is that of rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). In the generic task, stimuli are presented briefly in the same location at a rate of between 6-20 items/s. The subject's task is to identify one or more target(s) that is(are) differentiated in some way from the background, or nontarget, stimulus stream. Stimuli that have been investigated with this method include letters, digits, words, and pictures (e.g., D. E. Broadbent & M. H. P. Broadbent, 1987; Intraub, 1985; Kanwisher, 1987; Lawrence, 1971; Reeves & Sperling, 1986; Weichselgartner & Sperling, 1987). Thus the RSVP procedure could be construed as the temporal analogy to spatial search in that a subject must detect a target from among a set of nontargets or distractors.
449 citations
TL;DR: In two experiments, observers viewed lists of letters, identified a randomly selected letter as a target, and detected the presence of a probe from a different category, and after several days of training, probe detection following a target had improved markedly.
Abstract: The attentional blink is revealed in studies of rapid serial visual processing, in which observers view a stream of letters presented sequentially at the same location in a visual display. Reporting the identity of a specially marked letter (the target) amidst distractors causes a transient loss of accuracy for detection of another prespecified symbol (the probe). In two experiments, observers viewed lists of letters, identified a randomly selected letter as a target, and detected the presence of a probe from a different category (a digit or a Greek letter). After several days of training, probe detection following a target had improved markedly. Posttarget probe detection was again impaired when the distractor set included members of the probe set. These results are compatible with an explanation of the attentional blink as an act of suppression aimed at the current set of distractors, but additional mechanisms are needed to account for the effects of training.
63 citations
TL;DR: Toris and DePaulo as mentioned in this paper found that lying nurses were less likely to show genuine enjoyment (Duchenne smiles) and more likely to display masking smiles in which traces of their negative feelings were discernible.
Abstract: 3. In studies in which judges simply indicate whether they think the speaker was lying or telling the truth, and lies and truths occur equally often, accuracy rarely exceeds 60%. A chance level of accuracy would be 50% in those sludies. 4. C. Toris and B.M. DePaulo, Effects of actual deception and suspiciousness of deception on inter-personal perceptions, journal of Personality and So-Physical attractiveness and skill at detecting deception. 14. Other behavioral cues to deception have also been documented, but are based on fewer studies. For example, Ekman and his colleagues showed that nurses who were pretending to watch a pleasant film when the film was actually very gory smiled in different ways than the nurses who really were watching a pleasant film and telling the truth about it. The lying nurses were less likely to show smiles of genuine enjoyment (\"Duchenne\" smiles) and more likely to show \"masking\" smiles in which traces of their negative feelings were discernible. These data were reported in P. Attention can be thought of as a cognitive mechanism designed to enhance perception of a complex sensory world by selecting certain aspects of perceptual input to process further. The means by which attention accomplishes this goal have been studied primarily in the visual and auditory modalities, with a significant emphasis on the former. In studying visual attentional mechanisms , principal investigators in the field, such as Posner^ and Treis-man,^ have concentrated their research efforts on one of the major demands on attention—the ability to select a particular part of visual space for further analysis. By visual attention, 1 mean the ability to monitor a part of the visual field for a change in stimulation, not the ability to move one's eyes to a new location. For example, a baseball pitcher has such an attentional demand when he keeps his eye on the batter as he starts to pitch but must at the same time monitor the part of his visual field corresponding to first base to detect if a runner is attempting to steal second base. Significant findings from these investigations have concluded (a) that one can focus attention on a particular region of visual space and by doing so be faster to detect something occurring in that space than in an equivalent space not being monitored , and (b) that a stimulus with a particular feature of a dimension (e.g., color) can be detected …
57 citations
Dissertation•
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 1994.
Abstract: Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 1994.
7 citations