Showing papers on "Azadirachta published in 1984"

Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): The Effects of Azadirachtin on the Growth and Development of the Immature Forms

Abstract: Topical applications of azadirachtin, a purified extract from seeds of the Indian neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, to larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, completely disrupted subsequent normal development to the adult stage. Prepupae and newly formed pupae were somewhat less susceptible, but pupae three days old and older were not affected. Calculated LD50 and LD90's of topically applied azadirachtin were 0.1 and 0.4 μg per larva, respectively. Azadirachtin also increased the duration of the immature stages. Larvae treated with 1.6 μg of azadirachtin, for example, had significantly longer (111%) larval periods than did untreated larvae. Length of prepupal and pupal stages were also increased by applications of azadirachtin.

Evaluation and Utilization of Neem Cake Against the Rice Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Abstract: Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) cake showed potential for use against the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), in laboratory and field trials. There was no distinct difference in settling response of N. lugens females when given a choice of rice plants grown in soil incorporated with urea, sulfur-coated urea (SCU 21), or neem cake-urea mixture at 120 kg of N/ha. However, food intake by newly emerged females was significantly reduced when they were confined to plants treated with a 3:10 neem cake-urea mixture. Significantly fewer 1st-instar nymphs reached the adult stage on plants treated with 2:10 or 3:10 neem cake-urea mixture than on plants treated with urea or SCU 21. Adult longevity, fecundity, oviposition, and hatchability of eggs were not adversely affected by neem cake application. However, a somewhat lower buildup of N. lugens populations comprised of nymphs and adults was recorded 30 days after infestation on plants applied with a 3:10 neem cake-urea mixture compared with controls. In field trials, plots treated with a 2:10 neem cake-urea mixture applied at 120 kg of N/ha gave significantly higher yields than control plots in both dry and wet seasons.

Biological Activity of Azadirachtin, Component of the Neem Tree Inhibiting Molting in the Face Fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae)

Abstract: The possible effects of azadirachtin, a component of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, in inhibiting molting in larvae of the face fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, were studied. Apart from delayed lethal action, effects on the pupation, adult emergence, and size of pupae or adults have been considered. A baseline exposure for 10 or 20min, ranging from 0.00001 to O.1μg/ml, was used, causing about 20 or 22.5 to 83.5 or 97.6% inhibition (inhibition of adult-concentration-probability lines). Doses required to inhibit the emergence of 50% of the adults (IC50) were found to be very low (0.0024 and 0.000039 μg/ml for the 10- and 20-min exposure times, respectively. The compound is characterized by its inhibition or prevention of formation of adult morphology. The effects on pupae (basedon proportion of undeveloped individuals) and adults (based on incomplete development, attachment to puparia, or inability to fly) were dose-dependent. The development from third larval instar to adult was completely inhibited by exposure to 0.1 μg/ml for 20 min(97.58%). No adults were obtained at doses of 1.10, 10.0, and 100.0 μg/ml. These concentrations caused about 100% mortality of larvae or developed pupae. Results showed a reduction in M. autumnalis size as a function of azadirachtin exposure. There seemed to bea direct relationship between the size of the resulting pupae or adult males and females, since treatment of larvae with 0.00001 to O.1μg/ml azadirachtin caused significant reductions in the pupal weights and dimensions, adult weights, wing dimensions, or interocular distances. Treatments with 0.00001 and 0.001 μg/ml resulted in an insignificant increase(0.8–1.6%) in female wing length/width. Concentrations 0.001, 0.01, and O.1μg/ml also did not significantly affect the wing dimensions of females.

Contribution to the study of the biology and ecology of the leaf-miner Liriomyza trifolii and its control by neem

Abstract: The serpentine leaf-miner Liriomyza trifolii is a new proliferous and polyphagous agricultural pest in Mauritius, attacking crops, ornamentals and weeds. Urgent chemical control measures had to be developed in order to save total crop loss, in particular potato, tomato, haricot beans, crucifers and onions. This insect is resistant to most insecticides. In view of formulating an integrated management programme, this paper reports on some aspects of practical importance concerning the biology and ecology of the leaf-miner, the incidence of damage, and the possibility of its control by natural plant products such as extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica). Steam distillates of neem leaves seriously affect larvae and pupae upon treatment by contact at as low a dose as 0.3% of the extract. Field treatments of onion plantations with aqueous neem extracts (0.5%) gave good protection to the crop. The current control measures are briefly considered.

Neem seed kernel suspension as an antifeedant forSpodoptera Litura in a planted flue-cured Virginia tobacco crop

Abstract: Field experiments showed that a neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernel suspension (NSKS) at 0.5%, 0.75% or 1% concentration gave significant protection to the tobacco crop against the tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura F.) up to 7 days after spraying. None of the treatments had any adverse effect on yield or chemical and physical quality characteristics of the flue-cured Virginia tobacco. The smoke quality assessment revealed that tobacco leaves sampled from 0.5%-NSKS-sprayed plots did not have any perceptible taint in the smoke and were acceptable by the trade. In an organoleptic evaluation of NSKS-treated tobacco samples, the testers preferred cigarettes made from tobacco of either untreated samples or those treated with 0.5% NSKS. Thus, the tobacco crop can be effectively and economically protected against S. litura damage by spraying the tobacco leaves with 0.5% NSKS.

Some pharmacological actions of 'nimbidin'- a bitter principle of azadirachta indica-a juss (neem).

Abstract: Nimbidin the major bitter principle from oil of seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss was investigated for various pharmacological actions in a number animal models. On central nervous system it exhibited moderate sedative effect it did not show any significant cardiovascular effects in experimental animals. Autonomic pharmacological studies (in-vitro) revealed pronounced anticholinergic antihistaminic (H1-receptor), anti 5 HT and antinicotinic activities. But in-vivo tests did not show any anticholinergic or anti-histaminic activity. Nimbidin possessed moderate diuretic activity and was found to be devoid of local anaesthetic and antiandrogenic effects in rodents.

Repellent for image of long-horned beetle

Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide the titled repellent containing the component of neem extracted with an organic solvent, etc. as an active component, safe to human body, having strong repelling effect to the image of long-horned beetle, and exibiting excellent effect to control the movement of the image and suppress the feeding and the oviposition of the beetle. CONSTITUTION: The bark, leaf, twig, fruit and/or seed of natural neem known as Indian azedarac (Melia azadirachta), etc. are dried, cut to small pieces, added with an organic solvent such as alcohol, ether, hydrocarbon, etc. or with a hydrated organic solvent, and extracted sufficiently by conventional extraction process at room temperature or under heating. The extraction residue is removed by filtration, and the solvent is distilled off from the filtrate or the filtrate is concentrated to obtain a neem oil. The agent is used as it is or in combination with proper carrier, in the form of powder, liquid or solid, and applied to the area to be treated. EFFECT: It can be applied repeatedly to a wide area without causing the environmental pollution, the disturbance of the biota including the natural enemy, nor the poisoning of the operator, etc. COPYRIGHT: (C)1986,JPO&Japio

Bioconversion of different agro-residues into edible protein byPleurotus sajor-caju

Abstract: Pleurotus sajor-caju, an edible mushroom, is a source of protein-rich food.Pleurotus sajor-caju has broad temperature (15–25‡C) and pH (4-6) optima for its growth, thus making it suitable for village-level applications, where it can be cultivated in a generally artificially uncontrolled environment. In the present investigations, the following agro-residues have been used for cultivation of this mushroom: paddy straw, wheat straw, bagasse,Cyamposis tetragonoloba, Sorghum vulgare, Pennesitum typhoideum, mango leaves, banana leaves,Zea mays, etc. and some residues mixed with other materials such as cotton seeds, fiscus fruits,Azadirachta indica leaves, etc. All the substrates (400 g) were pasteurized at 60‡C, soaked in water, packed in polythene bags, and inoculated with 8% wheat spawn on a dry weight basis. The cultivation was carried out for 2 months, during which four crops were harvested. The temperature was 10–25‡C and relative humidity was maintained at 80–90%. The maximum yields in percent of fruit bodies obtained were as follows: banana leaves, 125 (91.8), paddy straw, 124.2 (90.6), wheat straw, 111.7 (90),Sorghum vulgare, 108.8 (92.9),Cyamposis tetragonoloba, 108.3 (91.5), followed by others. The maximum yields in percent of fruit bodies obtained in combinations of some substrates were as follows: paddy straw + cotton seeds, 148.3 (91.3),Cyamopsis tetragonoloba + Azadirachta indica leaves, 105.8 (91.5),Sorghum vulgare + Azadirachta indica leaves, 103.8 (91.8); the figures in parentheses represent the percent moisture content.