Showing papers on "Babesia published in 1974"

Protozoan parasites of the blood of British wild birds and mammals

Abstract: The reported occurrence of protozoan parasites of the blood of British wild birds and mammals is reviewed. Nineteen species of British birds have been recorded as hosts of Haemoproteus (or Parahaemoproteus), Leucocytozoon (or Akiba), Plasmodium, Trypanosoma or “atoxoplasms” (a group whose taxonomic status is presently in doubt), and seventeen species of British mammals are known to be hosts of Babesia, Hepatozoon, Polychromophilus or Trypanosoma (including at least three species from Chiroptera: T. (Schizotrypanum) dionisii, T. (S.) vespertilionis and T. (Megatrypanum) incertum).

Entopolypoides macaci (Babesiidae) in Macaca mulatta.

Abstract: Natural infections with Entopolypoides spp. organisms were detected in 11 of 15 Macaca mulatta studied; 6 of these had undergone splenectomy and/or antirhesus lymphocyte globulin therapy. Serial transmission by intravenous injection of infected blood was accomplished, and the prepatent period decreased with successive transfers. Furthermore, Entopolypoides infection did not protect against superinfection with Babesia microti or Plasmodium cynomolgi, and treatment with primaquine phosphate and/ or quinine sulfate did not eradicate the Entopolypoides organisms. This study demonstrates that infection with Entopolypoides may be more common than suspected from previous reports and that the potential for infection of humans should be recognized. Entopolypoides macaci Mayer, 1934, was originally described in Macaca irus monkeys. These intraerythrocytic parasites are ringshaped in the early stages, but later become ameboid with polypoid arms of cytoplasm and dispersed chromatin particles. They are smaller than Babesia and Plasmodium organisms and morphologically distinct. No pigment is formed. In 1948, Fairbaim reported the presence of Entopolypoides organisms in Cercopithecus monkeys. Both of these investigators found that even heavy infection had little apparent effect on the host except for some fever reported by Mayer. In 1972, Hawking observed Entopolypoides in Cercopithecus monkeys and was able to infect a variety of nonhuman primates. Heavy infections (> 5% of erythrocytes containing parasites) were usually detected in splenectomized animals. A splenectomized Macaca mulatta developed a light parasitemia 28 days after inoculation of infected blood. Chronic, latent infection persisted for as long as 4 years in one Cercopithecus monkey. Pathological findings were mild and nonspecific. Hawking was unable to transmit infection using mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti or Anopheles maculipennis), mites (Ornithonyssys bacoti), or soft ticks (Ornithodorus spp.). Transmission by hard ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus and/ or Dermacentor andersoni) was under longterm investigation, but no positive results were reported. Similar observations were made by Mayer using Anopheles maculipennis and Rhipicephalus spp. Hawking also reported that the antimalarial drugs, chloroquine phosReceived for publication 7 March 1974. phate and pyrimethamine, were inactive against Entopolypoides and the babesicidal compounds, pentamidine isothionate and berenil, were also inactive against Entopolypoides; but imidocarb diproprionate, an experimental babesicidal drug, was highly effective in eradicating the infection in the one monkey treated. This paper reports on the accidental transmission of Entopolypoides macaci in Macaca mulatta and detection of these organisms in the blood of 10 of 14 other rhesus monkeys examined. Furthermore, the effects of antimalarial therapy and possible protection against infection with Babesia microti and Plasmodium cynomologi were also assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Transmission of Mammalian Piroplasm by an Argasid Tick

Abstract: IT is the accepted view that parasites belonging to the suborder Piroplasmidae Wenyon, 1926, are exclusively transmitted by “hard” ticks belonging to the family Ixodidae Murray1,2 Most piroplasms of domestic animals have more than one Ixodid vector In the laboratory, small mammal piroplasms belonging to the genera Babesia Starcovici, 1893, and Nuttallia Franca, 1910, are used as models for the diseases caused by piroplasms of domestic animals This research, however, suffers from the drawback that the parasites cannot be biologically transmitted, except in two cases Thus, Babesia rodhaini Van den Berghe, Vincke, Chardome and Van den Bulcke, 1950, a rodent piroplasm very commonly used in laboratory investigations, has no known vector; nor has Babesia hylomysci Bafort, Tirnperman and Molineux, 1970 The two small mammal piroplasms of which the vectors are known are Nuttallia microti Coles, 1914, and Nuttallia danii Tsur, Hadani and Pipano, 1960 (and the probably identical N tadzhikistanica (Krylov and Zanina, 1963), Krylov, 1964) The vectors of these piroplasms are Ixodes trianguliceps3 Birula, 1895, for the former, and three species of Hyalomma and two species of Rhipicephalus4 for the latter All of these vectors belong to the Ixodidae

The chemotherapeutic efficacy of imidocarb dihydrochloride on concurrent bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis. II. The effects of multiple treatments.

Abstract: The chemotherapeutic efficacy of imidocarb dihydrochloride (3,3'-bis(2-imidazo/in2 yl) carbanilide dihydrochloride) administered as single intramuscular doses of 1-0, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/kg, again_st concurrent bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis, is reported. Dosages of 2.0 and 2-5 mg/kg of imidocarb dihydrochloride rapidly inhibited acute ascending concurrent parasitaemias of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina and Babesia argentina; however, 1.0 mg/kg had a minimal effect on A. marginale but was very effective against B. bigemina and B. argentina. Imidocarb dihydrochloride at 1.0, 2.0 and 2-5 mg/kg inhibited the development of immunity of the acute Babesia spp. infections, making the calves more susceptible to babesiosis upon challenge. The inhibition of A. marginale parasitaemias was directly related to increasing doses of imidocarb dihydrochloride ; however, recrudescing and persisting post-treatment parasitaemias also occurred more frequently at Mgher doses.