Showing papers on "Brown rice published in 1977"

Detection of Ochratoxin A, Citrinin and Sterigmatocystin from Storaged Riceby Natural Occurrence of Penicillium viridicatum and Aspergillus versicolor

Abstract: Mycotoxins contamination was investigated on molds infected brown rice during longterm storage in warehouse under natural condition. The results showed that sterigmatocystin (50ppb, 450ppb), ochratoxin A (430ppb, 230ppb), and citrinin (1, 130ppb, 700ppb) were detected simultaneously in same samples.On the samples detected mycotoxins, it was found that its presence were dependent upon the infection of Pen. viridicatum and Asp. versicolor on rice grains which were limited in Hokkaido at present, and this case was also first in our country.Pen. viridicatum produced ochratoxin A and citrinin, and Asp. versicotor produced sterigmatocyetin. Detection of Pen. viridicatum having productivity of ochratoxin A and citrinin like this. Natural contamination case of ochratflxin A and citrinin in cereal grains by this species was the same.Therefore, productivity of ochratoxin A and citrinin by Pen. viridicatum was studied.

Metals in grains sold under various labels – organic, natural, conventional

Abstract: Samples of barley, brown rice, corn meal and lentils purchased under labels as organic and natural were compared for metal content to samples marketed normally (conventinal). With very few exceptions no significant differences were found between the market labels. Differences between replicate samples of similarly labeled grains were very large and inconsistent. There appeared to be more Zn and Pb in “organic” corn meal than in the “natural” but more Cu in the “natural.” Average levels (range) of metals (μgms/gm) are similar to those reported in the literature: (Fe, 13–117) (Zn, 12–42) (Cu, 0.8–9), (Pb, 0.5–7) (Cd, .09–0.4). Lentils accumulate higher levels of metals than the cereal grains.

Fumigation of cereal grains and processed products in transport vehicles with phosphine from Detia Ex-B.

Abstract: Bulk flour, bulk middlings, bagged flour, bulk brown rice, and a variety of packaged processed cereal products in boxcars, hopper cars, and a trailer van were fumigated with a powdered formulation of aluminum phosphide (Detia Ex-B®). Dosages were as close to 33 g PH3/28.32 m3 (1000 ft3) as possible although variations in the volume of the vehicle precluded an exact dosage. All test insects, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal, Silophilus oryzae (L.), and Cadra cautella (Walker), were killed except when faulty construction of the vehicle resulted in low concentrations of phosphine.

Effect of degree and pressure of milling on the stickiness of milled parboiled rice.

Abstract: Parboiled brown rice was milled with a McGill miller to 5 series of milled rice, each series being milled with a particular milling load and comprising several samples of different degrees of milling (MD). The flow time, angle of repose, porosity, adhering solids and reflectance of the samples were determined as a measure of their 'stickiness'. Stickiness of the rice increased sharply on milling, reaching a high peak in the range of 2-5% MD depending on the load used, and then declined again with further milling. However, the peak decreased somewhat in height and also shifted towards the right as the load used for milling was increased. Raw rice, in contrast, showed only a low and flat peak. The above behaviours seemed to be largely related to the surface fat contents of the rice samples.

Studies on Quantitative Distribution and Removal of Heavy Metals in Rice

Abstract: In this paper, the quantitative distribution of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in brown rice polluted with Cd, and the removal of these elements by means of various eluting agents were described.1) Cd, Cu and Zn in brown rice were distributed very evenly.2) The brown rice or polished rice was crushed in a grain mill, and mixed with an eluting solution such as water, ethanol, inorganic acid, organic acid or chelating agent.After filtration of the mixture, the filtrate and the residues were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry.Efficiency of the elution was calculated as the ratio of metal found in the eluted solution to those values found in rice before elution.More than 90% of the Cd and Zn in the crushed brown rice was removed with tartaric acid solution. The value of Cu was comparatively lower. Stirring, immersing time and pH largely influenced the elution of Cd, Cu and Zn.3) From brown rice grain, efficiency of the elution of Cd, Cu and Zn with 0.1M tartaric acid solution after 150 hours was about 98%, 40% and 90%, respectively, and from polished rice grain about 74%, 90% and 68%, respectively.

Studies on the Suitability for Storage of High Moisture Rough Rice : II. The cause of development of deteriorate rice on the high moisture rough rice in storage

Abstract: On the deterioration in the storage term of newly threshed fresh rough rice, the causes for the development of spotted rice and opaque rice were studied. 1. In the case of mixing storage of newly threshed rough rice and panicles in high moisture, the former developed many spotted grains but the latter did not. Consquently, the development of spotted rice related directly with the threshing process. (Table 1) 2. The surface of the brown rice from the newly threshed paddy suffered much mechanical damage by the threshing teeth, and in the majority of these grains, the spot developed at the site and in the same form as the damaged point. (Table 2) 3. The matured panicles sterilized at the heading time and non-sterilized were threshed when they were fresh, and then stored in high moisture conditions. The former had fewer spotted grains than the latter, and there was mold development in the spotted parts of the grains. (Table 3, 4) 4. When the newly threshed rough rice was stored until heavily deteriorated, the percent of spotted rice was a little less than the percent of the mechanically damaged grain. (Table 6) 5. Therefore, the cause for the quantity of spotted rice is explained by the following three factors: the mechanical damage on the grain surface, the mold propagation and the moisture condition. 6. When the high moisture rough rice above 20% was stored for many days, the opaque grains developed slowly without mechanical damage to the grain surface or mold in the paddy. In the final period of storage, the dry matter weight of the grain decreased and some of these grains were infected with aspergillus. In cases when the more mechanically damaged grains were stored, they had more opaque grains than the non-damaged and the much less opaque rice appeared in low temperature (8°C) than in high (32°C) in storage. (Table 7, 8, 9)

Nitrate Nitrogen Content of Brown Rice by Lowland, Upland and Upland Polyethylene Film Mulching Cultures

Abstract: The nitrate nitrogen content of brown rice was investigated on the nonglutinous and glutinous types by lowland and upland polyethylene film mulching cultures of lowland rice at the Alpine Region Branch and the North Branch of the Iwate Agricultural Experiment Station and by upland and upland polyethylene film mulching cultures of lowland and lowland-upland hybrid rices at the Main Station. The nitrate nitrogen content of the brown rice contained approximately 0.4 to 0.5mg% on dry basis. However, the upland mulching culture gave higher nitrate nitrogen content in lowland brown rice as compared with the lowland culture. The average increasing index, i.e. (upland mulching culture/lowland culture)×100, of non-glutinous type, glutinous type and both types was 113.9, 108.0 and 112.3, respectively. The upland mulching culture also gave higher nitrate nitrogen content in lowland and lowland-upland hybrid brown rices as compared with the upland culture on the same manuring condition. The average increasing index, i.e. (upland mulching culture/upland culture)×100, is as follows : a) lowland brown rice: non-glutinous type 108.3, glutinous type 111.1 and both types 109.2. b) lowland-upland hybrid brown rice: non-glutinous type 112.8, glutinous type 106.0 and both types 109.0.