Showing papers on "Capitalism published in 1991"

The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline Of Leisure

Abstract: * The Overworked American * Time Squeeze: The Extra Month of Work * A Life at Hard Labor: Capitalism and Working Hours * Overwork in the Household * The Insidious Cycle of Work-and-Spend * Exiting the Squirrel Cage

The Sociology of Economic Life

Abstract: Introduction Foundations of Economic Sociology * The Economy as an Instituted Process Karl Polanyi * Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness Mark Granovetter * Max Webers Vision of Economic Sociology Richard Swedberg * Forms of Capital Pierre Bourdieu * Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action Alejandro Portes and Julia Sensenbrenner The Sociology of Markets * The Bazaar Economy Clifford Geertz * Human Values and the Market: The Case of Life Insurance and Death in 19th Century America Viviana Zelizer * Economic and Sociological Approaches to Gender Inequality in Pay William Bridges and Robert Nelson * Non-Contractural relations in Business Stewart Macaulay * Social Structure and Competition: The Paradox of Embeddedness Brian Uzzi The Sociology of Firms and Markets * Group Dynamics and Intergroup Relations George Strauss * Men Who Manage Melville Dalton * Bureaucratic and Craft Administration of Production Arthur Stinchcombe * Processing Fads and Fashions Paul Hirsch * Functional and Historical Logics in Explaining the Rise of the American Industrial Corporation William Roy * Coase Revisited: Business Groups in the Modern Economy Mark Granovetter * Inside-Out: Regional Networks and Industrial Adaptation in Silicon Valley and Route 128 AnnaLee Saxenian Comparative and Historical Economic Sociology * Webers Last Theory of Capitalism Randall Collins * Why the Economy Reflects the Polity: Early Rail Policy in Britain, France, and the United States Frank Dobbin * Goodwill and the Spirit of Market Capitalism Ronald Dore * Market, Culture and Authority: A Comparative Analysis of Management and Organization in the Far East Gary Hamilton and Nicole Biggart * Recombinant Property in East European Capitalism David Stark About the Book and the Editors

Customs in common

Abstract: Introduction - custom and culture the patricians and the plebs custom, law and common right the moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century the moral economy reviewed time, work-discipline and industrial capitalism the sales of wives rough music.

Markets, Hierarchies and Networks: The Coordination of Social Life

Abstract: Introduction - Jennifer Frances et al PART ONE: MARKETS Introduction - Rosalind Levaci[ac]c On Markets - Alfred Marshall Markets and Government - Rosalind Levaci[ac]c An Overview Socialism, Planning, and the Market - Hans Breitenbach, Tom Burden and David Coates Market Process versus Market Equilibrium - Israel M Krizner Markets and Managerial Hierarchies - Tony McGuinness Creating the Single European Market - Dennis Swann Which Internal Market? The NHS White Paper and Internal Markets - Penelope M Mullen PART TWO: HIERARCHIES Introduction - Jeremy Mitchell In Praise of Hierarchy - Elliott Jaques Legal Authority in a Bureaucracy - Max Weber Models of Bureaucracy - David Beetham Survival Inside Bureaucracy - Guy Benveniste Market, Capitalism, Planning and Technocracy - Giovanni Sartori New Directions for Industrial Policy in the Area of Regulatory Reform - John Vickers PART THREE: NETWORKS Introduction - Grahame Thompson Network Analysis - David Knoke and James H Kuklinkski Basic Concepts Neither Friends nor Strangers - Edward H Lorenz Informal Networks of Subcontracting in French Industry Beyond Vertical Integration - The Rise of the Value-Adding Partnership - Russell Johnston and Paul R Lawrence Policy Networks and Sub-Central Government - R A W Rhodes Taking and Giving - Pnina Werbner Working Women and Female Bonds in a Pakistani Immigrant Neighbourhood Community, Market, State - and Associations? The Prospective Contribution of Interest Governance to Social Order - Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe C Schmitter PART THREE: COMPARISON BETWEEN MODELS Introduction - Grahame Thompson Markets, Bureaucracies and Clans - William G Ouchi Interorganizational Relations in Industrial Systems - Jan Johanson and Lars-Gunnar Mattsson A Network Approach Compared with the Transactions-Cost Approach Neither Market nor Hierarchy - Walter W Powell Network Forms of Organization Price, Authority and Trust - Jeffrey L Bradach and Robert G Eccles From Ideal Types to Plural Forms Spontaneous ('Grown') Order and Organized ('Made') Order - Frederick von Hayek

Unthinking Social Science: The Limits of Nineteenth-Century Paradigms

Abstract: Preface to the Second Edition Acknowledgments Introduction: Why Unthink? Part I: The Social Sciences: From Genesis to Bifurcation 1. The French Revolution as a World-Historical Event 2. Crises: The World-Economy, the Movements, and the Ideologies Part II: The Concept of Development 3. The Industrial Revolution: Cui Bono? 4. Economic Theories and Historical Disparities of Development 5. Societal Development, or Development of the World-System? 6. The Myrdal Legacy: Racism and Underdevelopment as Dilemmas 7. Development: Lodestar or Illusion? Part III: Concepts of Time and Space 8. A Comment on Epistemology: What is Africa? 9. Does India Exist? 10. The Inventions of TimeSpace Realities: Towards an Understanding of our Historical Systems Part IV: Revisiting Marx 11. Marx and Underdevelopment 12. Marxisms as Utopias: Evolving Ideologies Part V: Revisiting Braudel 13. Fernand Braudel, Historian, "homme de la conjoncture" 14. Capitalism: The Enemy of the Market? 15. Braudel on Capitalism, or Everything Upside Down 16. Beyond Annales? Part VI: World-Systems Analysis as Unthinking 17. Historical Systems as Complex Systems 18. Call for a Debate about the Paradigm 19. A Theory of Economic History in Place of Economic Theory? 20. World-Systems Analysis: The Second Phase References Index

Beyond the Welfare State?: The New Political Economy of Welfare

Abstract: * CONTENTS * Acknowldgements * Introduction *1 Capitalism, Social Democracy and the Welfare State I: * Industrialism, Modernization and Social Democracy *2Capitalism, Social Democracy and the Welfare State II: Political Economy and the Welfare State *3 Capitalism, Social Democracy and the Welfare State III: New Social Movements and the Welfare State *4Origins and Development of the Welfare State 1880-1975 *5 After the 'Golden Age': From 'Crisis' to 'Containment' *6 Retrenchment and Recalibration *7 Beyond the Welfare State? * Conclusion * Bibliography * Index

The golden age of capitalism : reinterpreting the postwar experience

Abstract: Lal Jayawardena: Preface Stephen A. Marglin: Lessons of the golden age: an overview Andrew Glyn, Alan Hughes, Alan Lipietz, & Ajit Singh: The rise and fall of the golden age Gerald Epstein, & Juliet Schor: Macropolicy in the rise and fall of the golden age Stephen A. Marglin & Amit Bhaduri: Profit squeeze and Keynesian theory Samuel Bowles, & Robert Boyer: A wage-led employment regime: income distribution, labour discipline, and aggregate demand in welfare capitalism Bob Rowthorn, & Andrew Glyn: The diversity of unemployment experience since 1973 Masahiko Aoki: A new paradigm of work organization and co-ordination: lessons from Japanese experience.

The New Social Economy: Reworking the Division of Labor

Abstract: 1. Gender, Class and the Division of Labor. 2. The Brave New World of the Service Economy: The Expanding Division of Labor. 3. The Expanding Horizons of Industrial Organization. 4. New Developments in Manufacturing: The Just-in-Time System. 5. Beyond Fordism and Flexibility. 6. Capitalism, Socialism and the Social Division of Labor.

The economics and sociology of capitalism

Abstract: The renowned economist Joseph A. Schumpeter (1883-1950) made seminal contributions not only to economic theory but also to sociology and economic history. His work is now attracting wide attention among sociologists, as well as experiencing a remarkable revival among economists. This anthology, which serves as an excellent introduction to Schumpeter, emphasizes his broad socio-economic vision and his attempt to analyze economic reality from several different perspectives. An ambitious introductory essay by Richard Swedberg uses many new sources to enhance our understanding of Schumpeter's life and work and to help analyze his fascinating character. This essay stresses Schumpeter's ability to draw on several social sciences in his study of capitalism. Some of the articles in the anthology are published for the first time. The most important of these are Schumpeter's Lowell Lectures from 1941, "An Economic Interpretation of Our Time." Also included is the transcript of his lecture "Can Capitalism Survive?" (1936) and the high-spirited debate that followed. The anthology contains many of Schumpeter's classical sociological articles, such as his essays on the tax state, imperialism, and social classes. And, finally, there are lesser known articles on the future of private enterprise, on the concept of rationality in the social sciences, and on the work of Max Weber, with whom Schumpeter collaborated on several occasions.

The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited

Abstract: Part 1 The legacy of Marx: what did Marx mean by socialism? abundance, scarcity and the New Man the law of value under socialism a digression on Marxian economics Sancta Simplicitas the Ex Ante illusion quality and quantity division of labour material and moral incentives the proletariat and productive labour the legacy of Marx. Part 2 Socialism and the Soviet experience: externalities and "internalities" shortages and the sellers' market plan indicators and the evaluation of performance the "curse of scale", innovation and bureaucratic fragmentation is it planning? class structure, labour, wages and trade unions agriculture and the peasants investment decisions and criteria in theory and practice prices in theory and practice mathematical methods and programming growth and full employment foreign trade the cost of what is missing centralized planning and democratic socialism a short digression on "ideology". Part 3 Reform models - Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland, China: some "revisionist" critiques the Hungarian reform Yugoslavia and workers' self-management private agriculture in Yugoslavia and Poland the Polish experience - the road to catastrophe China - leap forward, Cultural Revolution and reform. Part 4 Transition: from capitalism to socialism some thoughts on nationalism "developmental socialism". Part 5 Feasible socialism: some social-political assumptions enterprises, markets and competition prices, profits and the theory of value division of labour, income differentials and self-management investments and growth foreign trade the economic role of democratic politics is it socialism? Appendices: on contradiction two critiques a note on Utopia.

The spirit of capitalism and long-run growth

Abstract: In this paper, we will show that the capitalist-spirit approach to economic growth has been developed by Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Max Weber and John Maynard Keynes and many others. It can be demonstrated that countries with different degree of the capitalist spirit will have different per capita consumption, per capita capital stock and different endogenous growth rates in the long run. This capitalist spirit model is also widely supported by many empirical and historical studies on cultural attributes and economic development.

Can Neoclassical Economics Underpin the Reform of Centrally Planned Economies

Abstract: Te here's a curious symmetry between the arguments propounded over the last century in advocacy of socialism and the present popular discussion of the reform of centrally planned economies. In those old discussions, the vision of socialism was utopian, which was contrasted with the Dickensian realities of capitalism. Now, the disasters of central planning are contrasted with the benefits flowing from perfectly functioning markets. In the conventional wisdom of reform, the vision of markets is utopian and that of central planning concentrates on the awful reality. What is largely missing in the conventional wisdom is a satisfactory attempt to come to grips with the central question that should be answered in formulating reform plans: how does one explain the differences in performance of market-capitalist and centrally planned economies? Of course, capitalism has outperformed central planning. The developed west is therefore an obvious source of ideas for reforms. But the institutions of capitalism come in many varieties and cannot be put in place instantaneously. There are many alternative reform paths, depending upon the importance attributed to each of these institutions. Thus, there remains the problem of tracing the source of the superiority of capitalist economies to specific characteristics. (This point was made clear to me on hearing a Vietnamese official justify single-party rule by noting the economic success of Taiwan and Singapore!) Reformers need a filter that interprets the experience of capitalist and socialist systems. This is exactly where economic theory plays a vital role.

Adam Smith and his legacy for modern capitalism

Abstract: This is a study of the thought of the 18th-century philosopher Adam Smith, best known for the political economic theory expounded in his book "The Wealth of Nations". Smith is widely believed to have advocated the view that all human behaviour is motivated by selfish concerns and that the balance of self-interests in a competitive market will produce eoconomic good for the society as a whole. This book argues that Smith's views were misconstrued. In support of this argument, the author martials evidence not only from "The Wealth of Nations", but also from Smith's comparatively neglected other works, especially his "Theory of Moral Sentiments" and "Lectures on Jurisprudence", linking Smith's discussion of motivation with his analysis of political economy, social order, division of labour and jurisprudence.

Offspring of Empire: The Koch'ang Kims and the Colonial Origins of Korean Capitalism, 1876-1945

Abstract: PrefacePART 1: THE RISE OF KOREAN CAPITALISMMerchants and Landlords: The Accumulation of Capital, 1876-1919An Industrial Bourgeoisie: Transition and Emergence, 1919-45PART 2: THE PATTERNS OF GROWTHClass and State: The Financial NexusClass and State: Partners in ManagementBetween Metropole and Hinterland: The Acquisition of Raw Materials and TechnologyBetween Metropole and Hinterland: The Quest for MarketsPART 3: CLASS AND SOCIETY"Without Any Trouble": Capitalist Views & Treatment of the Working ClassClass over Nation: Naisen Ittai and the Korean BourgeoisieConclusion: The Colonial LegacyAppendix 1: Protectorate and Colonial Administrations, 1905-45Appendix 2: "Dying for a Righteous Cause: The Responsibility of Imperial Citizens in Great"NotesGuide to RomanizationBibliographyIndex

Major traditions of economic sociology

Abstract: Not only sociologists but also economists have made important contributions to economic sociology. Which particular works by economists are relevant in this context is indicated with the help of Schumpeter's History of Economic Analysis, a work unique in that it traces not only the history of economic theory but also that of economic sociology. Three main traditions appear in economic sociology, which are still fairly unexplored: the German tradition of Wirtschajissoziologie (1890-1930), the French tradition of sociologie economique (1890-1930), and the US tradition of “economy and society” (1950s). Since the 1970s a revival of interest in economic institutions has occurred especially in the United States, and a new economic sociology has come into being. Both economists and sociologists helped to create this new economic sociology. Economists have developed an approach known as New Institutional Economics. The main idea here is to explain the emergence and functioning of economic institutions with the he...

Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan

Abstract: "Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan" examines the political role played by working men and women in prewar Tokyo and offers a reinterpretation of the broader dynamics of Japan's prewar political history. Gordon argues that such phenomena as riots, labor disputes, and union organizing can best be understood as part of an early twentieth-century movement for 'imperial democracy' shaped by the nineteenth-century drive to promote capitalism and build a modern nation and empire. When the propertied, educated leaders of this movement gained a share of power in the 1920s, they disagreed on how far to go toward incorporating working men and women into an expanded body politic. For their part, workers became ambivalent toward working within the imperial democratic system. In this context, the intense polarization of laborers and owners during the Depression helped ultimately to destroy the legitimacy of imperial democracy. Gordon suggests that the thought and behavior of Japanese workers both reflected and furthered the intense concern with popular participation and national power that has marked Japan's modern history. He points to a post-World War II legacy for imperial democracy in both the organization of the working class movement and the popular willingness to see GNP growth as an index of national glory. Importantly, Gordon shows how historians might reconsider the roles of tenant farmers, students, and female activists, for example, in the rise and transformation of imperial democracy.

On the two contradictions of capitalism

Abstract: (1991). On the two contradictions of capitalism. Capitalism Nature Socialism: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 107-109.

The Political Economy of Participatory Economics

Abstract: With the near bankruptcy of centrally planned economies now apparent and with capitalism seemingly incapable of generating egalitarian outcomes in the first world and economic development in the third world, alternative approaches to managing economic affairs are an urgent necessity. Until now, however, descriptions of alternatives have been unconvincing. Here Michael Albert and Robin Hahnel support the libertarian socialist tradition by presenting a rigorous, well-defined model of how producers and consumers could democratically plan their interconnected activities.After explaining why hierarchical production, inegalitarian consumption, central planning, and market allocations are incompatible with "classlessness, " the authors present an alternative model of democratic workers' and consumers' councils operating in a decentralized, social planning procedure. They show how egalitarian consumption and job complexes in which all engage in conceptual as well as executionary labor can be efficient. They demonstrate the ability of their planning procedure to yield equitable and efficient outcomes even in the context of externalities and public goods and its power to stimulate rather than subvert participatory impulses. Also included is a discussion of information management and how simulation experiments can substantiate the feasibility of their model.

Perfect markets and easy virtue : business ethics and the invisible hand

Abstract: (Almost) perfect competition (contestability) and business ethics "perfect" market forms and intertemporal optimality social policy - pricing devices to aid the invisible hand.

Capitalism since 1945

Abstract: Part 1 Post-war reconstruction, 1945-50: chaos and despair behind the chaos great power policies the first two years Marshall aid - the United States changes tack the new turn in Europe and Japan towards the boom. Part 2 The great boom, 1950-74: the golden yeas a new managed capitalism? the eclipse of US domination overaccumulation overheating oil and the crash of 1974. Part 3 Coping with the slowdown: the great slowdown workers and the organization of production international relations reversing the consensus against the tie capitalism triumphs?. Data appendix.

Financial Control in the Transition from Classical Socialism to a Market Economy

Abstract: The transition from socialism to capitalism poses severe problems of financial management that have yet to be resolved in principle, let alone in practice. One unfortunate consequence is continual financial turmoil as socialist economies of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe attempt reform. Inflation, either open or repressed, first accompanies and then undermines attempts to decentralize decision-making. To dampen inflation and prevent economic chaos, even reform governments may be provoked to reintervene by seizing the financial assets of enterprises, reinstituting price controls, or commandeering outputs through state orders and similar devices. But why should the transition from central planning to a market economy be inflationary? Understanding the system of financial control in the preexisting regime of "classical" socialism is the key to understanding what might go wrong in the transition. Under classical socialism, all the means of production —industrial and agricultural—are state-owned. Output targets, input levels, wages and prices are all set by a Stalinist system of central planning. Accordingly, I shall first identify: 1) how domestic fiscal and monetary processes interact with, and complement, central planning in the classical socialist economy; and then discuss 2) why this mechanism for securing domestic financial control and avoiding inflation under classical socialism tends to break down when decentralization begins and central planning is weakened. The discussion will then turn to: 3) how, in a more deliberate transition, domestic tax and monetary arrangements might be managed to keep the average price level stable as the market prices of individual goods and services become free to fluctuate. After sufficient domestic financial control is secured,

Capitalism and Democracy

Abstract: Joseph Schumpeter, a great economist and social scientist of the last generation, whose career was almost equally divided between Central European and American universities, and who lived close to the crises of the 1930s and '40s, published a book in 1942 under the title, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. The book has had great influence, and can be read today with profit. It was written in the aftergloom of the great depression, during the early triumphs of Fascism and Nazism in 1940 and 1941, when the future of capitalism, socialism, and democracy all were in doubt. Schumpeter projected a future of declining capitalism, and rising socialism. He thought that democracy under socialism might be no more impaired and problematic than it was under capitalism.He wrote a concluding chapter in the second edition which appeared in 1946, and which took into account the political-economic situation at the end of the war, with the Soviet Union then astride a devastated Europe. In this last chapter he argues that we should not identify the future of socialism with that of the Soviet Union, that what we had observed and were observing in the first three decades of Soviet existence was not a necessary expression of socialism. There was a lot of Czarist Russia in the mix. If Schumpeter were writing today, I don't believe he would argue that socialism has a brighter future than capitalism. The relationship between the two has turned out to be a good deal more complex and intertwined than Schumpeter anticipated.

The rise of historical sociology

Abstract: Preface List of figures 1. Like a Phoenix Rising The post-war resurgence of historical sociology What is historical sociology? Three phases of post-war historical sociology 2. Out of the Ashes War and peace The end of ideology? The American way: Parsons and Smelser Interpreting social dynamism Handling and channeling social change A laboratory report The sociologist as patriot Three ways to persuade Citizenship and social class Order and justice Old empires, new nations: Eisenstadt and Lipset Ideology and social conflict: Marshall and Bendix 3. Taking Flight Injustice and domination Human interdependence: Bloch and Elias Feudal society The civilizing process An uppity generation? Two critical rationalists: Moore and Thompson Social origins of dictatorship and democracy The making of the English working class Moral codes and human choice States and social revolutions Comparing and explaining Skocpol, Trotsky and Eisenstadt The politics of social policy Counter-revolution Collective action Coercion, capital and European states Reason and revolution: Skocpol and Tilly 4. Soaring High History from above Two Marxian perspectives: Anderson and Wallerstein From ancient Greece to absolutist monarchy The figures of descent The capitalist world-economy Comparing Wallerstein and Anderson Infrastructures of power: Braudel and Mann Evolution and discontinuity (1) The longue duree The Mediterranean world Civilization and capitalism The sources of social power Greece and Rome The European dynamic Classes, nations, states and warfare Constructing theories: Runciman and Giddens The methodology of social theory Social evolution Structuration or evolution? From class-divided to class societies Surveillance and citizenship Nationalism Evolution and discontinuity (2) 5. Historical Sociology in the 1990s Historical sociology as an intellectual field Established and outsiders Involvement and detachment Exploration, generalization and theory Strategies of explanation Historical sociology and capitalist democracy The first phase: democracy expounded The second phase: democracy exposed The third phase: capitalism explored and exposed The fourth phase: democracy re-examined A new audience for historical sociology The future of the past Notes Bibliography Index

Global Regulation vs. the Nation-State: Agro-Food Systems and the New Politics of Capital:

Abstract: The current global restructuring of capitalism is eroding national economic regulation and leading to the emergence of a ‘transnational state’. This is illustrated by transformations in the agro-food sector.

Flexible accumulation and the rise of business services

Abstract: In spite of the economic and social significance of the switch to service employment in recent decades, the role of services in modern processes of spatial transformation is still theoretically marginalized. Service changes are clearly implicated in the emergence of new forms of capital accumulation, and therefore in modem patterns of spatial inequality. Business service functions form a growing element in the expertise supporting rhodem capitalism, which also includes that directly employed by their client organizations. Business service growth is seen as one facet of the 'flexible' use of skilled labour resources, possessing its own powerful dynamic, based in expertise that even large organizations cannot command. Capitalist accumulation is increasingly dominated by the contract between capital and expert labour. Among the important implications for contemporary change of the growth of business services, those considered here relate to trends in the organization of production, in patterns of technological change, in the relative roles of large and small firms, and in employment. Socially and geographically, the growth of independent business service functions exerts strong pressures towards the polarization of the quality of labour demand and economic opportunity.

Gender Inequality and the Division of Household Labor in the United States and Sweden: A Socialist-Feminist Approach

Abstract: In this paper, we offer a socialist-feminist framework for exploring the persistence of gender inequality in the disvision of household labor. The inconsistent results generated by the relative resources, gender-role ideology, and time-availability hypotheses speak to the need to examine the structural bases for power relations based on gender. Emphasizing the relative autonomy and interrelations of capitalism and patriarchy, socialist-feminism posits that different forms of patriarchal capitalism have varying effects on the division of household labor. (We thus examine the usefulness of this approach by exploring the relationships expressed in three traditional hypotheses about gender inequality and the performance of five household tasks in the United States and Sweden.) The results of our regression analyses indicate that previous perspectives do not adequately examine the power differential embodied in gender relations and that socialist-feminism may give us insights into why gender inequities in the home are maintained despite progressive legislation

Patriarchy, Capitalism, and the Colonial State in Zimbabwe

Abstract: The process of economic development in the British settler colony of Southern Rhodesia (the modern nation of Zimbabwe) was dominated by the needs of European capitalists who had invested in agriculture and mining.' In recent years a functionalist bias has pervaded scholarly accounts of this process. A number of writers have argued that the great need of Southern Rhodesian mining and agricultural capital for large supplies of cheap male labor dictated the colony's reliance on a migratory labor system involving only

Global Capitalism: Theories of Societal Development

Abstract: Measuring the geography of development - the argument environmental determinism - organismic theory, climate and civilization critique structural functionalism and modernization theory - structural functionalism, sociological modernization theory, social-psychological theories of modernization, historical stages of modernization geography, critique fo structural functionalism and modernization theories dependency and world systems theory - the ECLA analysis dependency theory, world systems theory, critique of dependency and world systems theory historical materialism - idealism and materialism dialectics, production as the transformation of nature, production as social relatins, structural Marxism, articulation of modes of production, socialist feminism the pre-capitalist world - schemes of historical development, primitive communism, kin-ordered mode, tributory mode geography of the pre-capitalist world the origins of capitalism - Marx on the origins of capitalism, debate on the transition from feudalism to capitalism, the Brenner thesis the development of global capitalism - mercantalism, "Discovery of the Americas", mercantalism in the Western Hemisphere, mercantalism in the Eastern Hemisphere, mercantalism in India, mercantalism in China, industrial revolution, free trade and imperialism, imperialism in Africa transformation through industrialization - industrialization and development, the regulation school, transformation through industrialization?, an alternative strategy conclusion - the critique of Marxist development theory (and a reply) - the critique of Marxist development theory theoretical reply, the validity of criticism, reproduction and development, an alternative development?