Showing papers on "Democracy published in 1989"

Democracy and Its Critics

Abstract: Part 1 The sources of modern democracy: the first transformation - to the democratic city-state toward the second transformation - republicanism, representation, and the logic of equality. Part 2 Adversarial critics: anarchism guardianship a critique of guardianship. Part 3 A theory of the democratic process: justifications - the idea of equal intrinsic worth personal autonomy a theory of the democratic process the problem of inclusion. Part 4 Problems in the democratic process: majority rule and the democratic process majority rule - practise process and substance process versus process when is a people entitled to the democratic process? Part 5 The limits and possibilities of democracy: the second democratic transformation - from the city-state to the nation-state democracy, polyarchy, and participation how polyarchy developed in some countries and not others is minority domination inevitable? pluralism, polyarchy and the common good common good as process and substance. Part 6 Toward a third transformation: democracy in tomorrow's world sketches for an advanced democratic country.

Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice

Abstract: Preface to the Third Edition Introduction Part I. Toward a Theory of Human Rights 1. The Concept of Human Rights How Rights Work Special Features of Human Rights Human Nature and Human Rights Human Rights and Related Practices Analytic and Substantive Theories The Failure of Foundational Appeals Coping with Contentious Foundations 2. The Universal Declaration Model The Universal Declaration The Universal Declaration Model Human Dignity and Human Rights Individual Rights Interdependence and Indivisibility The State and International Human Rights Respecting, Protecting, and Providing Human Rights Realizing Human Rights and Human Dignity 3. Economic Rights and Group Rights The Status of Economic and Social Rights Group Rights and Human Rights 4. Equal Concern and Respect Hegemony and Settled Norms An Overlapping Consensus on International Human Rights Moral Theory, Political Theory, and Human Rights Equal Concern and Respect Toward a Liberal Theory of Human Rights Consensus: Overlapping but Bounded Part II. The Universality and Relativity of Human Rights 5. A Brief History of Human Rights Politics and Justice in the Premodern Non-Western World The Premodern West The Modern Invention of Human Rights The American and French Revolutions Approaching the Universal Declaration Expanding the Subjects and Substance of Human Rights 6. The Relative Universality of Human Rights "Universal" and "Relative" The Universality of Internationally Recognized Human Rights Three Levels of Universality and Particularity Relative Universality: A Multidimensional Perspective 7. Universality in a World of Particularities Culture and the Relativity of Human Rights Advocating Universality in a World of Particularities Part III. Human Rights and Human Dignity 8. Dignity: Particularistic and Universalistic Conceptions in the West Dignitas: The Roman Roots of Dignity Biblical Conceptions: Kavod and Imago Dei Kant Rights and Dignity in the West Dignity and the Foundations of Human Rights 9. Humanity, Dignity, and Politics in Confucian China Cosmology and Ethics Confucians and the Early Empires "Neo-Confucianism" and Song Imperial Rule Twentieth-Century Encounters with "Rights" Human Rights and Asian Values 10. Humans and Society in Hindu South Asia Cosmology Social Philosophy Caste Hindu Universalism Opposition to Caste Discrimination Hinduism and Human Rights in Contemporary India Part IV. Human Rights and International Action 11. International Human Rights Regimes The Global Human Rights Regime Political Foundations of the Global Regime Regional Human Rights Regimes Single-Issue Human Rights Regimes Assessing Multilateral Human Rights Mechanisms The Evolution of Human Rights Regimes 12. Human Rights and Foreign Policy Human Rights and the National Interest International Human Rights and National Identity Means and Mechanisms of Bilateral Action The Aims of Human Rights Policy Foreign Policy and Human Rights Policy The Limits of International Action Appendix: Arguments against International Human Rights Policies Part V. Contemporary Issues 13. Human Rights, Democracy, and Development The Contemporary Language of Legitimacy Defining Democracy Democracy and Human Rights Defining Development Development-Rights Tradeoffs Development and Civil and Political Rights Markets and Economic and Social Rights The Liberal Democratic Welfare State 14. The West and Economic and Social Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Domestic Western Practice The International Human Rights Covenants Functional and Regional Organizations Further Evidence of Western Support Understanding the Sources of the Myth Why Does It Matter? 15. Humanitarian Intervention against Genocide Intervention and International Law Humanitarian Intervention and International Law The Moral Standing of the State Politics, Partisanship, and International Order Changing Conceptions of Security and Sovereignty Justifying the Anti-genocide Norm Changing Legal Practices "Justifying" Humanitarian Intervention Mixed Motives and Consistency Politics and the Authority to Intervene Judging the Kosovo Intervention Darfur and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention 16. Nondiscrimination for All: The Case of Sexual Minorities The Right to Nondiscrimination Nondiscrimination and Political Struggle Discrimination against Sexual Minorities Nature, (Im)morality, and Public Morals Strategies for Inclusion Paths of Incremental Change References Index

Justice, Gender, and the Family

Abstract: In the first feminist critique of modern political theory, Okin shows how the failure to apply theories of justice to the family not only undermines our most cherished democratic values but has led to a major crisis over gender-related issues.

Lawrence Kohlberg's Approach to Moral Education

Abstract: PrefaceAcknowledgementsIntroductionFrom Moral Discussion to Democratic Governance, with Joseph ReimerThe Just Community Approach: Democracy in a Communitarian Mode, with Joseph ReimerA Week in the Life of Cluster, with Joseph ReimerAssessing the Moral Culture of SchoolsThe Development of Cluster's Moral Culture, with Marvin BerkowitzThe Scarsdale Alternative High School, with Judy CoddingS.W.S.: A Second Perspective on Democratic SchoolingComparing Moral Cultures: Results and Case StudiesIndividual Moral Development as an Outcome of Democratic Schooling, with Marvin BerkowitzThe Just Community Approach in ProspectReferencesIndex

The political economy of protection

Abstract: This book examines how trade policy is determined in democratic countries, and illustrates how protectionist policies are engendered by political processes that allow groups to pursue their own interests.

Democracy Without Citizens: Media and the Decay of American Politics

Abstract: This is an analysis of the failure of the interaction between the news media and their audiences to create the democratic potential everyone assumes occurs with such interaction. Drawing illustrations mainly from the Carter and Reagan years, the book shows the dilemma facing the news media and their audience today. The book offers a portrait of citizenship in America, defined by the public's changing levels of political knowledge and participation from 1952 to 1984. Politically unsophisticated, the mass audience prefers simple, symbolic news, which means that journalists can offer little of the detached, detailed explorations of policy issues that would provide the public with the information needed to hold government to close account.

Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology, and the Power of the People

Abstract: This book asks an important question often ignored by ancient historians and political scientists alike: Why did Athenian democracy work as well and for as long as it did? Josiah Ober seeks the answer by analyzing the sociology of Athenian politics and the nature of communication between elite and nonelite citizens. After a preliminary survey of the development of the Athenian "constitution," he focuses on the role of political and legal rhetoric. As jurymen and Assemblymen, the citizen masses of Athens retained important powers, and elite Athenian politicians and litigants needed to address these large bodies of ordinary citizens in terms understandable and acceptable to the audience. This book probes the social strategies behind the rhetorical tactics employed by elite speakers.A close reading of the speeches exposes both egalitarian and elitist elements in Athenian popular ideology. Ober demonstrates that the vocabulary of public speech constituted a democratic discourse that allowed the Athenians to resolve contradictions between the ideal of political equality and the reality of social inequality. His radical reevaluation of leadership and political power in classical Athens restores key elements of the social and ideological context of the first western democracy.

Regime Types and International Conflict, 1816-1976

Abstract: This study replicates and extends previous inquiries on the relations between regime type and conflict involvement of states. It examines the robustness of previous findings with respect to various regime attributes, various conflict involvement measures, and units of analysis. Using two comprehensive datasets on polity characteristics and militarized interstate disputes, the empirical analyses reveal: (1) There are no relations between regime type and conflict involvement measures when the unit of analysis is the individual polity (i.e., a state characterized by a certain regime type over a given time span); this finding is robust in that it holds over most regime characteristics and conflict involvement measures. (2) There is a significant relationship between the regime characteristics of a dyad and the probability of conflict involvement of that dyad: Democracies rarely clash with one another, and never fight one another in war. (3) Both the proportion of democratic dyads and the proportion of autocra...

Meaning and Moral Order: Explorations in Cultural Analysis

Abstract: List of Tables Preface 1. A Puzzle: The Question of Religious Vitality 2. Contemporary Spirituality: Seeking the Sacred in an Era of Uncertainty 3. A Blending of Cultures: The Arts and Spirituality 4. Personal Spirituality: Art and the Practice of Spiritual Discipline 5. The Joy of Worship: Expression and Tradition in Congregational Life 6. Redeeming the Imagination: The Arts and Spiritual Virtue 7. The Morality Problem: Why Churches and Artists Disagree 8. The Artist in Everyone: Faithful Living in a Spiritual Democracy Appendix: Methodology Notes Index

From popular sovereignty to the sovereignty of law : law, society, and politics in fifth-century Athens

Abstract: Analyzing the 'democratic' features and institutions of the Athenian democracy in the fifth century B.C., Martin Ostwald traces their development from Solon's judicial reforms to the flowering of popular sovereignty, when the people assumed the right both to enact all legislation and to hold magistrates accountable for implementing what had been enacted.

In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State

Abstract: The pursuit of Lakshmi, the fickle goddess of prosperity and good fortune, is a metaphor for the aspirations of the state and people of independent India. In the latest of their distinguished contributions to South Asian studies, scholars Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph focus on this modern-day pursuit by offering a comprehensive analysis of India's political economy. India occupies a paradoxical plane among nation states: it is both developed and underdeveloped, rich and poor, strong and weak. These contrasts locate India in the international order. The Rudolphs' theory of demand and command polities provides a general framework for explaining the special circumstances of the Indian experience. Contrary to what one might expect in a country with great disparities of wealth, no national party, right or left, pursues the politics of class. Instead, the Rudolphs argue, private capital and organized labor in India face a "third actor"-the state. Because of the dominance of the state makes class politics marginal, the state is itself an element in the creation of the centrist-oriented social pluralism that has characterized Indian politics since independence. In analyzing the relationship between India's politics and its economy, the Rudolphs maintain that India's economic performance has been only marginally affected by the type of regime in power-authoritarian or democratic. More important, they show that rising levels of social mobilization and personalistic rule have contributed to declining state capacity and autonomy. At the same time, social mobilization has led to a more equitable distribution of economic benefits and political power, which has enhanced the state's legitimacy among its citizens. The scope and explanatory power of "In Pursuit of Lakshmi" will make it essential for all those interested in political economy, comparative politics, Asian studies and India.

Resources of hope: Culture, democracy, socialism

Abstract: Collected essays and talks from one of Britain's great thinkers, ranging across political and cultural theory Raymond Williams possessed unique authority as Britain's foremost cultural theorist and public intellectual. Informed by an unparalleled range of reference and the resources of deep personal experience, his life's work represents a patient, exemplary commitment to the building of a socialist future. This book brings together important early writings including "Culture is Ordinary," "The British Left," "Welsh Culture" and "Why Do I Demonstrate?" with major essays and talks of the last decade. It includes work on such central themes as the nature of a democratic culture, the value of community, Green socialism, the nuclear threat, and the relation between the state and the arts. Here too, collected for the first time, are the important later political essays which undertake a thorough revaluation of the principles fundamental to the idea of socialist democracy, and confirm Williams as a shrewd and imaginative political theorist. In a sober yet constructive assessment of the possibilities for socialist advance, Williams--in the face of much recent intellectual fashion--powerfully reasserts his lifelong commitment to "making hope practical, rather than despair convincing." This valuable collection confirms Raymond Williams as a thinker of rare versatility and one of the outstanding intellectuals of our century.

Public service broadcasting and modern public life

Abstract: The fundamentally democratic thrust of broadcasting laid in the new kind of access to virtually the whole spectrum of public life that radio, and television, made available to all. If broadcasting is defensible as a public service it can only be as a service to the public. By placing political, religious, civic, cultural events and entertainments in a common domain, public life was equalized in a way that had never before been possible. Broadcasting, then, brings public life into private life, and private life into public life, for pleasure and enjoyment as much as for information and education. The whole history of the relationship between broadcasting and the world of politics is one of manipulation and pressures exerted on broadcast news and discussion by politicians, parties and governments. To enjoy the services of broadcasting people need at the least a marginal surplus of disposable time and income.

Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945

Abstract: Introduction: science and social cohesion 1. Social Darwinism 2. Between utopianism and racial hygiene 3. From hygiene to family welfare 4. Struggle for survival, the 1914-1918 war 5. Revolution and racial reconstruction 6. Weimar eugenics 7. The sick bed of democracy, 1929-32 8. Nazi racial hygiene 9. Eugenics and German politics.

Power and popular protest: Latin American social movements

Abstract: Why, in both democratic and authoritarian governments, do the politically and economically weak sometimes take to the streets and not to the ballot boxes? Why do angry workers at times support revolutionary movements but at other times express outrage through footdragging, strike activity, religion, and rituals? And why do similar types of protest movements produce startlingly different results in different countries? The essays in this bookby historians, sociologists, political scientists, and anthropologistsexplore these questions in a wide-ranging investigation of the causes and consequences of protest movements in Latin America. Eclectic and insightful, the essays represent a range of subjects, from an examination of the varying faces but common origins of rural guerilla movements, to a discussion of multiclass protests, to an essay on different popular movements similarly grounded in Liberation Theology. Together these studies demonstrate that the patterning of defiance is shaped by structural forces that are independent of whatever rage and psychological states of mind that prompted people to protest. Using solid, empirical research, they examine how the dynamics of defiant acts are rooted in institutional and cultural situations. This volume will attract a wide interdisciplinary audience of scholars, students, and policy-makers and will be an indispensable text for anyone concerned with reducing inequities and injustices around the world, so that oppressed people need not be defiant before their concerns are addressed."

Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825-1880

Abstract: On May 15, 1862, U.S. General Benjamin Butler, commander of occupied New Orleans, ordered that any woman who publicly insulted Union soldiers be subject to prosecution as a prostitute. Not all nineteenth-century women, Butler learned, felt their place was in the home. As his order implies, women were governed by an unwritten code of public conduct, appeared on public streets, spoke out on public issues, and were subjects of public policy. In "Women in Public" noted historian Mary P. Ryan examines each of these issues as it affected women in New York, New Orleans, and San Francisco. Contrary to current perceptions, Ryan contends, nineteenth-century women appeared in public in a variety of roles. They took part in civic ceremonies, from Independence Day celebrations to ethnic festivals. Whether they sonsorted in parks designed for "ladies" or in the increasingly regulated haunts of prostitutes, their place in the everyday life of the streets became more segregated and distinct. Denied access to the voting booth, they practiced "outdoor politics," waving handkerchiefs at rallies--and wielding brickbats in riots. Exploring little-noted aspects of nineteenth-century political discourse, Ryan shows how gender and sexual imagery in public language changed as the century progressed. She analyzes the construction of boundaries between private and public spheres and examines the American political system's failure to accommodate difference within democratic order.

Schooling for democracy: Critical pedagogy in the modern age

Abstract: 1. Introduction: Schooling, Citizenship, and the Struggle for Democracy 2. Schooling and the Politics of Ethics: Beyond Conservative and Liberal Discourses 3. Authority, Ethics, and the Politics of Schooling 4. Schooling and the Politics of Student Voice 5. Literacy, Critical Pedagogy, and Empowerment 6. Teacher Education and Democratic Schooling 7. Conclusion: Beyond the Politics of Anti-Utopianism in Education.

Culture and democracy in the United States

Abstract: In his new introduction, Whitfield sets the scene of the early twentieth century to show what inspired Horace Kallen to write this book. He delves deeply into his background, discussing the influences on Kallen's life and work. Whitfield also examines the many changes that have occurred since Culture and Democracy in the United States was first written, and reveals that many of the ideas espoused by Kallen have become reality.

Democracy, stability, and dichotomies*

Abstract: An early debate in the empirical study of political democracy concerned the measurement of democracy. Initial work employed dichotomous indicators and incorporated stability into political democracy measures. Evidence accumulated showing that this approach could adversely affect analyses, particularly in the study of income inequality. Despite this, some recent studies have renewed the flawed practices. We draw upon recent work to highlight the confusion that can result when democracy and stability are confounded and the problems with dichotomous indicators. We propose that stability is analytically distinct from political democracy and should be treated as such empirically, and we suggest ways to estimate incremental effects of political democracy. We further argue that political democracy is continuous and that measures of it should reflect this. It is important that the measurement history of this construct not repeat itself.

Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America

Abstract: This text reflects improvements in democratic trends and the erosion of democratic advances in different countries. It regards political actors and institutions, and is concerned about the impact on democratic consolidation of economic constraints, weak states, judicial inefficacy and inequality.

The Sources and Structure of Legitimation in Western Democracies: A Consolidated Model Tested with Time-Series Data in Six Countries Since World War II

Abstract: Both new-left and neo-conservative theorists argue that poor state performance can lead to a legitimation crisis, but they neglect distinctions among different forms of political support and objective conditions that citizens evaluate. I propose a theoretical model that distinguishes between (a) confidence in institutions and legitimation of democracy and (b) state performance and the structure of opposition (party systems, governing coalitions). I test the model with data located in an extensive new search of survey archives in six Western countries. The results show that poor state performance leads to a decline of confidence, but not a softening of support for democracy. Problems in the structure of opposition lead to a decline of both confidence and support for democracy. In the conclusion, I speculate whether state performance might affect democratic legitimacy in a less straightforward fashion.

Radical Democracy: Modern or Postmodern?

Abstract: What does it mean to be on the left today? In the twilight years of the twentieth century is it in any way meaningful to invoke the Enlightenment ideals that lay behind the project of the transformation of society? We are undoubtedly living through the crisis of the Jacobin imaginary, which has, in diverse ways, characterized the revolutionary politics of the last two hundred years. It is unlikely that marxism will recover from the blows it has suffered; not only the discredit brought upon the Soviet model by the analysis of totalitarianism, but also the challenge to class reductionism posed by the emergence of new social movements. But the fraternal enemy, the social democratic movement, is not in any better shape. It has proved incapable of addressing the new demands of recent decades, and its central achievement, the welfare state, has held up badly under attack from the right, because it has not been able to mobilize those who should have interests in defending its achievements. As for the ideal of socialism, what seems to be in question is the very idea of progress that is bound up with the project of modernity. In this respect, discussion of the postmodern, which until now had focused on culture, has taken a political turn. Alas, the debate all too quickly petrified around a set of simplistic and sterile positions. Whereas Habermas accuses of conservatism all those who criticize the universalist ideal of the Enlightenment,' Lyotard declares with pathos that after Auschwitz the project of modernity has been eliminated.2 Richard Rorty rightly remarks that one finds on both sides an illegitimate assimilation of the political project of the Enlightenment and its epistemological aspects. This is why Lyotard

Democracy and Dictatorship: The Nature and Limits of State Power

Abstract: English translation of Norberto Bobbio’s "Stato, Governo, Societa: per una teoria generale della politica", Torino, Einaudi, 1985

The good polity : normative analysis of the state

Abstract: Preface 1. The Normative Analysis of the State: Some Preliminaries Alan Hamlin and Philip Pettit Part I - Democracy 2. Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy Joshua Cohen 3. The Limits of Democracy Albert Weale 4. Politics with Romance: Towards a Theory of Democratic Socialism Geoffrey Brennan Part II - Contract and Compliance 5. Maximizing Social Welfare: Is it the Government's Business? Robert Sugden 6. Liberty, Contract and the State Alan Hamlin 7. Political Obligation Russell Hardin Part III - The Responsibility of the State 8. The State as a Moral Agent Robert E. Goodin 9. The Freedom of the City: A Republican Ideal Philip Pettit 10. Power and Control in the Good Polity Partha Dasgupta Bibliography Contributors Index.

The Women's Movement In Latin America: Feminism And The Transition To Democracy

Abstract: Women's movements and gender politics in the Brazilian transition, Sonia E. Alvarez the challenge of constructing civil peace - women and democracy in Argentina, Maria del Carmen Feijoo putting conservatism to good use - women and unorthodox politics in Uruguay, from breakdown to transition, Carina Perelli the difficult equilibrium between bread and roses - women's organizations and the transition from dictatorship to democracy in Peru, Maruja Barrig feminist anti-authoritarian politics - the role of women's organizations in the Chilean transition to democracy, Patricia M. Chuchryk conclusion - women and the new democratic politics, Jane S.Jaquette.

Commonwealth: A Return to Citizen Politics

Abstract: Tracing citizen activism back to the American Revolution, Boyte shows how this touchstone of democratic practice emerged in our past and continues today among diverse citizen groups who grapple with the problems of housing, education, environment, and youth development in their communities.