Showing papers on "Diplomacy published in 1991"

Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet

Abstract: The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in 1987 and revised in 1990, saved life on Earth from possible destruction - the first time that the international community faced such a global threat. Ambassador Richard Benedick, who was the chief U.S. negotiator of this treaty, combines science, politics, economics, and diplomacy in a fascinating and definitive account of the origins and realization of this precedent-setting international agreement. Ozone Diplomacy provides a dramatic portrayal of the participants in this dynamic process - scientists, industrialists, and government officials - and offers useful models for international approaches to other emerging issues such as global warming. This intriguing story will be invaluable to all those concerned with the environment, international law, and the practice of modern diplomacy.

International Theory: The Three Traditions

Abstract: The three traditions The theory of human nature The theory of international society The theory of mankind - relations with "barbarians" - (i) Realists (ii) Rationalists, (iii) Revolutionists The theory of national power The theory of national interest The theory of diplomacy - foreign policy The theory of diplomacy - balance of power The theory of diplomacy - diplomacy The theory of war The theory of law and obligation, and ethics.

Forceful Persuasion: Coercive Diplomacy as an Alternative to War

Abstract: Forceful persuasion : coercive diplomacy as an alternative to war , Forceful persuasion : coercive diplomacy as an alternative to war , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)

The longest war: The Iran-Iraq military conflict

Abstract: In The Longest War, Dilip Hiro describes the causes and courses of the Iran-Iraq military conflict and its effect on the two antagonists, as well as the rest of the world. He reveals the intricate twists and turns of international diplomacy and the realpolitik behind the rhetoric, providing a comprehensive and admirably balanced account of the political and military aspects of the "longest war."

Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century

Abstract: This contentious reinterpretation of British decline since the 1890s brings together the often separated topics of diplomacy, defence and economics. A new chapter considers Britain's fortunes in the post-Thatcher period.

Exporting Democracy: Fulfilling America's Destiny

Abstract: Should America try to bring democracy to countries that are young or poor or that have cultures very different from our own? This book shows why the sophisticates have been wrong, why idealism offers the soundest basis for U.S. policy. Since its small beginnings in 1776, America has served as the world's great engine of democracy. Our aid and trade, our overseas broadcasts and libraries, our cloak-and-dagger exploits, but above all else, the power of our example have been forces of moral good throughout the world. Foreseeing a Pax Americana in the next century resulting not from war or diplomacy but from the triumph of democratic ideals, the author argues that the effort to spread democracy further should form the core of U.S. foreign policy.

The inner Opium War

Abstract: Introduction: opium war policies - some interpretations the literati - an anticipatory overview Part 1 The literati re-ascendant: who were the lliterati? ideals of career patronage constraints on clique politics the Hsuan-an poetry club as a literati faction as a bureaucratic patronage clique as a brotherhood of aesthete-connoisseurs political failure aftermath - Lin Tse-hsu's northern reclamation plan Part 2 The rise of the spring purification circle: as a personal network as a political faction ritual and symbol literary and scholastic philosophy the ideal of "Moral Censure" (ching-i) politics Part 3 The politics of opium suppression: the case against embargo the legalization initiative of 1836 the failure of the initiative intransigents take the helm Part 4 The myth of victory in Kwangtung: Lin Tse-hsu and the anti-oppium campaign Lin Tse-hsu versus Ch'i-shan the siege of Canton San-yuan-li paramilitary realities Part 5 The debate over the conduct of the war: Ch'i-shan and the Tientsin negotiations the case of Yao Ying on Taiwan Wei Yuan and the strategy of defensive war Yao Ying and Britain's vulnerability in South Asia Part 6 The Ku Yen-Wu shrine association: the Mu-chang-a government and literati political influence political organization of the association ritual and scholastic philosophy in search of a political program Part 7 The end of Manchu diplomacy: the second victory of the Cantonese showdown the Bonham letter the crisis in Kwangsi the recall of Lin Tse-hsu

The economic diplomacy of the Suez crisis

Abstract: Diane Kunz describes here how the United States employed economic diplomacy to affect relations among states during the Suez Crisis of 1956-57. Using political and financial archival material from the United States and Great Britain, and drawing from personal interviews with many of the key players, Kunz focuses on how economic diplomacy determined the course of events during the crisis from start to finish. In doing so, she provides both an excellent case study of the role of economic sanctions in international relations and a solid treatment of the American use of such sanctions against a Middle Eastern country.The crisis was prompted by the Eisenhower administration's decision not to fund the Aswan High Dam, triggering the takeover of the Suez Canal Company by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Responding to events, the American government imposed economic sanctions against Great Britain, France, Egypt, and Israel, with varying degrees of success.Because of its weakened financial position and misguided decisions, Kunz says, the government of British Prime Minister Anthony Eden proved most vulnerable to these tactics. Indeed, American economic pressure caused the British government to withdraw its troops ignominiously from Egypt. France, on the other hand, had borrowed sufficiently prior to the crisis to be able to withstand American pressure. For Israel, Kunz says, the threat of sanctions symbolized the Eisenhower administration's wrath. Israel could forego American funds, but, dependent on the goodwill of a great power for survival, it could not take a stand that would completely alienate the United States. Only Egypt proved immune to financial warfare.Kunz also illuminates the general diplomacy of the Suez crisis. The American government was determined neither to alienate moderate Arab opinion nor to become too closely intertwined with Israel. As such, this account has significant lessons for American policy.Originally published in 1991.A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.

The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century

Abstract: Part 1 Awakening: against the odds war, revolution and independence. Part 2 States of Europe 1918-1940: building new states the diplomacy of survival the economics of survival lives of the hunted. Part 3 Eclipse 1940-1985: casualties of war Soviet winter. Part 4 Re-awakening: Baltic spring planning to leave. Part 5 Conclusion: a European necessity - epilogue, March 1994.

The United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945-1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War

Abstract: Egypt figured prominently in United States policy in the Middle East after World War II because of its strategic, political, and economic importance. Peter Hahn explores the triangular relationship between the United States, Great Britain, and Egypt in order to analyze the justifications and implications of American policy in the region and within the context of a broader Cold War strategy. This work is the first comprehensive scholarly account of relations between those countries during this period. Hahn shows how the United States sought to establish stability in Egypt and the Middle East to preserve Western interests, deny the resources of the region to the Soviet Union, and prevent the outbreak of war. He demonstrates that American officials' desire to recognize Egyptian nationalistic aspirations was constrained by their strategic imperatives in the Middle East and by the demands of the Anglo-American alliance. Using many recently declassified American and British political and military documents, Hahn offers a comprehensive view of the intricacies of alliance diplomacy and multilateral relations. He sketches the United States' growing involvement in Egyptian affairs and its accumulation of commitments to Middle East security and stability and shows that these events paralleled the decline of British influence in the region. Hahn identifies the individuals and agencies that formulated American policy toward Egypt and discusses the influence of domestic and international issues on the direction of policy. He also explains and analyzes the tactics devised by American officials to advance their interests in Egypt, judging their soundness and success.

New Thinking About Strategy and International Security

Abstract: Introduction: the interregnum - world politics in transition, Ken Booth. Part 1 Rethinking security and anarchy: is international security possible?, Barry Buzan peace research versus strategic studies, David Dun. Part 2 The decline of nuclear strategy: wither nuclear strategy?, Lawrence Freedman the delcine of nuclear diplomacy, Eric Herring disarmament and the arms control - a new beginning?, Jane M.O.Shar crisis management - from Cuba to Sarajevo, Phil Williams. Part 3 The rise of conventional strategy: NATO strategy and the conventional defence, Colin McInnes alternative defence - the new reality, Michael Clarke. Part 4 Regional perspectives: new thinkng about defence in the Soviet Union, Roy Allison new directions in European security, Adrian G.V.Hyde-price and John Roper new directions in thinking about security in the Third World, Caroline Thomas. Part 5 Domestic contexts: new visions, new voices, old power structures, Hugh Miall rethinking Cold War history, Mary Kaldor. Conclusion: war, security and strategy - towards a doctrine for stable peace, Ken Booth.

Military strategy and the origins of the First World War

Abstract: These five essays from the prestigious journal International Security analyze the outbreak of the First World War from the standpoint of power politics and military strategy. "The disaster of 1914 continues to haunt the contemporary security debate," writes Steven E. Miller in his introduction. "In the nuclear age, the images that remain from the summer of 1914--the escalation from an isolated event in a far corner of Europe to a global war, the apparent loss of control of the situation by key decision-makers, the crowding out of diplomacy by military exigencies, the awful, protracted, often senseless slaughter on the battlefield--raise troubling doubts about our ability to forever conduct affairs of state safely in an international environment plagued by the ever-present risk of thermonuclear war." The book includes Paul Kennedy's "The First World War and the International Power System," Michael Howard's "Men Against Fire: Expectations of War in 1914," Stephen Van Evera's "The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War," Jack Snyder's "Civil-Military Relations and the Cult of the Offensive, 1914 and 1984," and Richard Ned Lebow's "Windows of Opportunity: Do States Jump Through Them?"

British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution

Abstract: Abbreviations A note on dates The study of British foreign policy in the age of the American revolution The making of British foreign policy The legacies of the Seven Years War The failure of the old system 1763-1765 The decline of British diplomacy 1765-1768 The beginnings of recovery 1768-1771 The ascendancy of the Eastern powers 1771-1773 Splendid isolation 1773-1775 Peace with the Bourbons 1777-1779 War in Europe 1778-1780 The coming of peace 1781-1783 Conclusion Bibliography Index

China confronts the Soviet Union: warfare and diplomacy on China's Inner Asian frontiers

Abstract: This chapter suggests that even with a near absence of foreign relations, in reality China was responding to the combined influence of well-understood domestic and international pressures. Chinese foreign policy during the Cultural Revolution showed what the costs were when the Party elected to run the risk of violating several of the cardinal principles of its own policy and of international systemic behavior. The chapter specifies the foreign policy origins of the Cultural Revolution under three aspects: the broadening, particularly in the mind of Mao Tse-tung, of the issue of ideological revisionism from Sino-Soviet relations to the Chinese domestic political and socioeconomic arena; the alleged delay of the Cultural Revolution necessitated by the American military intervention in Vietnam and the debate over the appropriate Chinese response; and the influence of these and other foreign policy issues on interpersonal relations among top Party leaders. All are textbook examples of the complex intermingling of foreign and domestic factors.

Europe's Global Links: The European Community and Inter-Regional Cooperation

Abstract: Part 1 Introduction - concepts and instruments: the dialogue of the EC/Twelve with other regional groups - a new European identity in international system?, Elfriede Regelsberger competing frameworks - the dialogue and its legal bases, Catherine Flaesch-Mougin. Part 2 Case studies - the dialgue in action: the Lome Covention - a model for partnership, Otto Schmuck the Euro-Arab dialogue, Elfriede Regelesberger cooperation with ASEAN - a success story, Manfred Mols relations with central and southern America - a question of over-reach, W. Grabendorff EC-EFTA relations - neighbours in search of a new partnership, Thomas Pedersen agreement with the Gulf Cooperation Council - a promising if difficult beginning, E. Rhein EC-CMEA relations - normalization and beyond, Barbara Lippert. Part 3 The institutional framework - dialogue and the European actors: the Commission - protagonists of inter-regional cooperation, Simon Nuttall the Council of Ministers - the constraint on action, Andreas von Stechow the European Parliament - an emerging political role?, Karl-Heinz Neunreither European political cooperation - concerted diplomacy in an inter-regional context, Peter von Jagow. Part 4 Conclusions - the dialogue and its place in the European and international systems: the relevance to theory to group-to-group dialogue, Geoffrey Edwards.

The Spoils of War: The Politics, Economics, and Diplomacy of Reparations 1918-1932

Abstract: This is the first comprehensive account of the dispute over who should `pay' for the First World War - a dispute which poisoned international relations, destabilized the world's financial system, and encouraged the rise of the Nazis in the 1920s and 1930s. Dr Kent's systematic analysis of the origins and persistence of the financial demands made upon Germany after the war sheds new light on the `beggar-thy-neighbour' tendencies of liberal democracies in times of financial crisis. He argues that the victors had no coherent policy of eliminating Germany as a commercial or strategic threat. The indemnity illusion was fostered by British, French, and American statesmen to conceal the financial implications of the war and to defuse radical agitation for heavy taxation.

New Perspectives on Israeli History: The Early Years of the State

Abstract: Part I Frameworks and perspectives: reading perspectives/perspectives on reading - an introduction, Laurence J. Silberstein. Part II The transition to statehood - Jews and Arabs in conflict: the transition from Yishuv to state - social and ideological changes, Jehuda Reinharz the origins of the Palestinian refugee problem, Benny Morris early state policy towards the Arab population, 1948-1955, Don Peretz one hundred years of social change - the creation of the Palestinian refugee problem, Kenneth W. Stein initial Israeli policy guidelines towards the Arab minority, 1948-1949, Elie Rekhess Arab historiography of the 1948 War - the quest for legitimacy, Avraham Sela. Part III Myths, symbols, values - the struggle for national identity: attitudes of the young state of Israel toward the Holocaust and its survivors - a debate over identity and values, Dina Porat myths, symbols and rituals of the emerging state, Myron J. Aronoff new beginning, old past - the collective memory of pioneering in Israeli culture, Yael Zerubavel at half-mast myths, symbols, and rituals of the emerging state - a personal testimony of an "Israeli Arab", Anton Shammas. Part IV Conflicts within and conflicts wihout - diplomacy and foreign policy: Israel's global foreign policy, 1948-1956, Uri Bialer Zionist-Arab diplomacy - patterns and ambiguities on the eve of statehood, Neil Caplan Israel-Diaspora relations in the early years of the state, Ronald W. Zweig.

Substance and Shadow

Abstract: While no subject deserves closer attention than that of war, an important component phenomenon of the mentality needed to wage war has gone largely undiscussed—enmification.l Though it is possible to think of war in terms of purely objective aims, as the continuation of diplomacy by other means, as Clausewitz’s famous phrase has it, “War is inconceivable without a clearly defined image of the enemy.” States at war may justify their strategic interests with rationales derived from current social and historical conditions. But the sheer aggressiveness of war, the use of unlimited force in the pursuit of those strategic objectives, both requires and engenders a deep-seated sense of enmity between participants. A battlefield without enemies cannot exist.

Making Peace: The United States And Conflict Resolution

Abstract: Negotiating the end of World War I, 1918 concluding the war over Suez, 1956 ending the Vietnam War, 1972 mediation during the war in the Falklands/Malvinas, 1982 resolving the Lebanon crisis, 1982-1983 diplomacy during the Persian Gulf War, 1990-1991.

China and the Cambodian Peace Process: The Value of Coercive Diplomacy

Abstract: Since Vietnam's invasion and occupation of Cambodia in December 1.978, China has consistently pursued three interrelated objectives for Indochina. First, it sought a significant reduction of the Soviet presence in the region, thereby reversing the trend of Soviet encirclement in the 1970s. Second, it sought Vietnamese withdrawal from Cambodia and thus diminished Vietnamese power on China's southern periphery, reduced opportunity for an outside power to use Vietnam to undermine Chinese interests, and the re-emergence of Cambodia's post-World War Two tendency to develop friendly relations with China to offset Vietnamese power. Third, China insisted on the dissolution of the Vietnamese-influenced Heng Samrin/Hun Sen government. This final objective serves China's interest in an independent Cambodia contributing to a divided Indochina, but it primarily reflected Chinese outrage at Vietnam' s defiance of Chinese warnings during the 1977-78 period and Hanoi's subsequent creation of a "puppet" Cambodian leadership. China was intent on discrediting the invasion and validating its own regional authority by seeking the replacement of the Phnom Penh leadership with a new government. It was of little significance to China whether it achieved its objectives through a negotiated political settlement or through coercive diplomacy, but in the absence of negotiated concessions on the part of its adversaries Beijing has pursued its objectives through the development of a multifaceted and multilateral policy, combining diplomatic, economic, and military policy instruments, and focusing its efforts on each member of the

The Reagan Administration and Coercive Diplomacy: Restraining More Than Remaking Governments

Abstract: One of the highest priorities Ronald Reagan and his foreign policy team had when they came to office in 1981 was to break the United States out of what they considered its "Vietnam trauma" aversion to the use of military force as an instrument of foreign policy. It wasn't so much that the Reagan administration wanted to engage in new wars as that it believed in the utility of limited military force as an integral part of a coercive diplomacy strategy for bringing political pressure to bear on America's adversaries. IWo conceptual distinctions are important in defining a coercive diplomacy strategy. First is the difference, as emphasized in the work of Alexander George, between coercive diplomacy and deterrence. Deterrence involves the use of threats and shows of force "to dissuade an opponent from doing something he has not yet started to do." Coercive diplomacy, however, uses threats and limited force to get an adversary "to stop short of his goal .. . [orn undo his action"-to stop what he or she has already started to do or to reverse what he or she already has done.' While any particular use of force may have both deterrent and coercive diplomacy objectives, it still is important for analytic purposes to make this distinction.

The Soviet war in Afghanistan : patterns of Russian imperialism

Abstract: In this volume, historian Milan Hauner brilliantly links the lessons of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan with the East/West political struggles of today. Masterfully, he demonstrates the geographical and historical predicates of Russian imperialism in Asia. His analysis focuses on the failed military campaign in Afghanistan and Soviet diplomacy in Southwest Asia as a whole. The results are impressive. The reader is given the advantage of a fuller historical spectrum, and can better grasp the true shape of the present. More importantly, the reader can look into the future. From this vantage point, the constraints, possibilities, and obligations of U.S. diplomacy become more clear. Co-published with the Foreign Policy Research Institute.

Chinese Boycotts versus Japanese Bombs: The Failure of China's "Revolutionary Diplomacy," 1931-32

Abstract: This book shows how competition between China and Japan led to aggression and set the stage for war

Anglo-American Relations in the 1920s: The Struggle for Supremacy

Abstract: The struggle for supremacy in anglo-American relations in the 1930s idealogogy and diplomacy - Wilsonism and the league of nations in anglo-American relations, 1918-1920, George W.Egerton the symbol and the substance of sea power - Great Britain, the United States and the one power standard 1919-1921, John R.Forris between two giants - Canada, the coolidge conference and anglo-American relations in 1927, B.I.C.McKercher the house of morgan in financial diplomacy, 1920-1930, Kathleen Burk anglo-American monetary policy and rivalry in Europe and the far east, 1919-1931, Roberto Allbert Dayer the image of Britain in the United States, 1919-1929 - a contentious relative and rival, Benjamin D.Rhodes "the drop and latent distrust" - the British official mind and the United States, 1919-1929, B.J.C.McKercher.