Showing papers on "Doctrine published in 1981"

The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Changes in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War (Leavenworth Paper, Number 4)

Abstract: : This latest Leavenworth Paper is a case study in the wartime evolution of tactical doctrine. Previous publications of the Combat Studies Institute have examined the peace-time development doctrine and have increased our knowledge of how doctrine has been applied. With the publication of Captain Lupfer's study, The Dynamics of Doctrine, the Combat Studies Institute adds another dimension to the history of the processes of doctrinal change. Besides providing a summary of German Infantry tactics of the First World War, this study offers insights into the crucial role of leadership in facilitating doctrinal change during battle. It once again reminds us that success in war demands extensive and vigorous training calculated to insure that field commanders understand and apply sound tactical principles as guidelines for action and not as a substitute for good judgment. It points out the need for a timely effort in collecting and evaluating doctrinal lessons from battlefield experience. Finally this study reminds us of yet another fundamental lesson from the past-that tendencies toward accepting the battlefield as a routine can be a deadly error. Altering previously accepted tactics in the middle of a struggle, as the author points out, is a very urgent and serious matter.

The Theological Imagination: Constructing the Concept of God

Abstract: In this challenging work, Gordon Kaufman asserts that the prime task of theology is the imaginative construction of the doctrine of God. Kaufman maintains that both the absoluteness of the divinity and our own necessity demand that we construct the doctrine of God critically and in a manner appropriate to our own time and place. In thorough examinations of God and theology, Christ and christology, and of the ultimate foundations of religious thought, he shows how this construction can be accomplished faithfully and in full realization of our own humanity.

The Trinity and the Kingdom of God : the doctrine of God

Abstract: Moltmann considers the interrelation of Christian concepts and doctrines with the aim of overcoming schism both within the churches and with Judaism. Offers profound insight into the relationship between suffering and God.

State Supreme Courts: A Century of Style and Citation

Abstract: Appellate court opinions, carefully indexed and preserved in law libraries, are a tremendous resource for historians and social scientists. In the theory of the common law, these opinions are the law; they stand in the center of the legal system. Their power is enhanced by the common law doctrine that links them in a chain of influence and causation-the doctrine of precedent. Their precedential value means that they are also powerful resources for the practicing lawyer-often the basic material with which he works. But these appellate opinions also are crucial documents for any study of judicial culture. The reasoning of the judges, over the years, reveals judges' notions of law and of the judicial role; it is an essential window into the legal culture of the judges. The style of opinions is as good an indicator as we have of what counts as sound legal reasoning for any given era. Even objective aspects of judicial opinions can be revealing, as Merryman's studies of California citation since 1950 and Goutal's work on opinion length show.' Moreover, a more policy-oriented conception of the judicial role arguably could be re-

Early Arianism--a view of salvation

Abstract: Arianism is the archetypal Christian heresy. It was not only a watershed historically; its central issue-the question of Christ's full co-equal divinity as Son of God-remains an issue of deep concern to every generation of Christians, including our own. The traditional critique of Arianism is that its errors arise from an over-intellectual approach to Christianity, that it failed because it lacked a gospel of salvation. Questions about that traditional view have been raised here and there in recent years. This book challenges it head on. It does no on a basis of careful scholarship, and at the same time in a lively and readable style.' Maurice Wiles, Regius Professor of Divinity in the University of Oxford 'Gregg and Groh have enabled us to see the thought of Arius on the nature of Christ as condensing nothing less than a distinctive view of man, congruent to a precise social and religious milieu. As a result, the clash of disembodied dogmas becomes suffused with the quality of a late Roman Christian's most urgent concerns: "love and betrayal, grace and backsliding". Now presented with liberating precision in all its implications-from conflicting attitudes to change and stability in society and the universe, to vivid glimpses of the bustling world of Greek cities contrasted with the unearthly stillness of St Anthony in the desert-a well-worn chapter of Christian dogma emerges as a high moment in the birth of a new civilization in the Roman world. This is a model book, that any scholar of Christian doctrine would dearly wish to have written; and that every scholar of the early Christian world must read.' Peter Brown, Professor of History and Classics in the University of California at Berkeley 'Gregg and Groh propose a novel approach to the most profound crisis of the dogmatic tradition in the ancient church. They extract from the denunciation of the errors of Arius ...a striking view of the ancient doctrine of salvation. The principle aspects of this doctrine remain too often neglected by the critics. But with Gregg and Groh the saviour God of Arius is brought back to life, reactivated ...The authors display in convincing fashion the original accents of this doctrine, at the heart of the Christian community, before it had become nothing but a heresy charged doctrine. ..They promote a healthy reflection on the more fixed forms of antiArian dogmatism, passively transmitted over the centuries.' Charles Kannengiesser, Professeur a Onstitut Catholique de Paris

‘Abdicate’ and ‘Contract’ in the Glorious Revolution

Abstract: A revisionist explanation of the political events of the Glorious Revolution has crept into recent literature virtually unscathed. Briefly summarized, the argument contends that it is difficult to discover evidence of resistance to the Crown in the debates of either the House of Lords or the Convention parliament during 1689. According to J. P. Kenyon, a major advocate of this new interpretation, John Locke's Second treatise of government misled historians and even some contemporaries into believing that parliament deposed James II for breaking the original contract between sovereign and people. Actually, during the long debates in and between both houses ‘it was clear that the word “abdicated”, or the Lords’ preferred choice, “deserted” both implied a voluntary act, if not a rational choice, on James's part’. The Lords especially, Kenyon argues, were careful to dissociate themselves from contract theory. Whig ‘revolution principles’, then, built upon the ‘haste and confusion of the occasion’ were rooted in a misunderstanding of actual events, a mis-understanding fostered by the writings of Locke and Algernon Sydney and enshrined as doctrine by whig politicians and historians.

Anglo-American archaeology

Abstract: Changing trends in the interpretation of archaeological evidence in Britain and the United States over the past 200 years are interpreted as a response to the rise and decline among the middle class of faith in a doctrine of progress being brought about by unhindered individual initiative. The unilinear evolutionism of the nineteenth century represented an optimistic expression of faith in the new economic order. It also stressed, however, the cultural pre‐eminence of peoples of European descent as a justification for their political hegemony. Growing doubts about social progress were expressed first in a culture‐historical approach and more recently by evolutionary theories that see development trending in a negative and perhaps catastrophic direction.

Thomas hobbes and the constituent power of the people

Abstract: The paper examines Hobbes's doctrine of representation and argues that implicit in this doctrine is the modern notion of the people as the constituent power of the state. Attention is focused on th...

Religion and public doctrine in modern England

Abstract: Foreword Preface 1. Prelude 2. Receptions 3. Recessions 4. Recognitions Epilogue Notes Bibliography Index of main names.

A commentary on the Epistle of James

Abstract: This is part of a series of modern commentaries based on new English translations made by their respective editors. While adhering strictly to sound scholarship and doctrine, they intend, above all, to bring out the theological and religious message of the New Testament to the contemporary Church.

The doctrine of the nerves. Chapters in the history of neurology

Abstract: life. He emphatically rejected its supposed cooling action with the same arguments as those used later by Bathurst. It was also Helmont who developed gas-exchange as the true function of respiration: used-up venous blood its residue is converted into a \"6volatile salt\" which is \"blown away\" by the air breathed in. That it can be so converted is due to a magnale a celestial \"conjugal associate\" a \"ferment\" of air filling its pores and spaces; it is thus not the whole substance, but this content of air which is breathed and maintains life. In this Helmont is basically assisted by his discovery of Gas as object-specific exhalations different from such common,nonspecific volatilia as air and water-vapour (see W. Pagel, William Harvey's biological ideas, Basle and New York, 1967, pp. 79, 194). From the account of Bathurst in the present book, Helmont's view of respiration should well have been significant. Helmont's concern with the colour-change and \"thinning-out\" the salty-sulphurous nature of arterial blood by virtue of pulse and air and the absence of any heat-focus and ebullition in the heart, are also topical. Already in 1647, Hermann Conring had ridiculed Kepler's idea of a fiery light-focus in the heart and reduced the Galenic heart-fire to \"something mobile like fire\" (mobile igni simile, in: De calido innato signe animali, Helmstadt, 1647, cap. XII, p. 120, XV, p. 149, ignem vitalem non lucere, p. 154: Kepleriana indigna sunt, quae confutes, rhetori inania declamanti). A major point of interest on the Helmontian side is the emphasis laid in the present book on Boyle's preoccupation with the physical rather than the chemical properties of air the \"spring of the air\", its \"elater\" or elasticity leading to his famous \"law\". Gas Helmont's \"spirit so far unknown and called by a new name\" (Complexionum atque mistion elemental figment., 14) was neglected, if considered at all, or played down as one of various forms of \"factitious air\", for example by Boyle and by Glisson in his late work On the stomach and gut (1677). It remained to another century to rediscover it and give Helmont his due. It cannot be denied, however, that he was critical against Paracelsus' making even life as a whole dependent upon saltpetre which so much intrigued the Oxford group (\"salem e nobis fluidum et intus presentem merum salpetri cagastrum vocat. Adeoque nedum carnes et cruorem sed et totum corpus cum vita esse salpetra et cagastrica persuadere conatur\", in: Tria prima Chymicorum, 31). Helmont's Gas and gases thus shared oblivion and resurgence with the nitro-aerial particles and other concepts of Harvey's immediate successors waiting for iatromechanics and phlogiston to wane. Finally, here we have a book which has added a new page and dimension to the history of physiology and indeed to the history of medicine, however little the momentous discoveries of the period influenced the medical practice of their day. Without them there would be no modern medicine and without the work under notice no way to understand its development in depth. Walter Pagel

Moral Development and the Forgiveness of Sin

Abstract: It is the purpose of this article to contribute to the dialogue between religion and morality by examining the Christian conception of forgiveness of sin (an aspect of the doctrine of justification...

Maritime Practice in South-East Asia until 1600 A.D. and The Modern Law of the Sea

Abstract: IT IS generally believed and commonly asserted that the modern law of the sea, like other rules of inter-State conduct inherited by the world-wide community of States, is "essentially the product of the European mind" and "European beliefs" ' which got consolidated and developed by European practices during the last three centuries. 2 The bulk and essence of maritime law during the last more than one hundred and fifty years can be summed up in the doctrine, "freedom of the seas". Although accepted as a binding principle under Roman law, it was lost and forgotten in Europe after the disintegration of the Roman Empire and was said to have been enunciated for the first time during the modern period by the seventeenth century Dutch scholar and jurist, Grotius, in his Mare Liberum, published in 1609.3 "The freedom of the sea slumbered the sleep of the Sleeping Beauty", it is suggested, until this gallant knight from the the Netherlands appeared "whose kiss awakened her once more". I Few works of such small size have gained such great reputation as the Mare Liberum. It is said to be "the first, and the classic, exposition of the doctrine of the freedom of the seas".' In this remarkable small book, published anonymously in the first instance in 1609, perhaps even more than in his later and more authoritative work De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625), "Grotius is so especially associated with the birth of international law as to become entitled to the general tribute he has received in modern times as 'Father of International Law'." 6

Re-enactment and Reconstruction in Collingwood's Philosophy of History

Abstract: Collingwood's re-enactment doctrine, the doctrine that the historian must re-enact the past in his own mind, has been the center of much controversy and interpretations of it have differed widely. In what follows, I shall try to argue that the re-enactment doctrine is the methodological pillar of Collingwood's constructivism.1 I shall do so by a critical examination of the doctrine's interpretative history, by arguing that at least from 1925 onwards Collingwood was a constructivist, and by an attempted interpretation of the doctrine in that light. The conception of re-enactment occurs in the historiographical sections (Parts I-IV) of The Idea of History, but is treated most fully in Part V, called "Epilegomena," especially in ? 4. The conception also occurs in Epilegomena ?? 1, 5, and 7 (all 1936), but not in the sections of the Epilegomena which are from the otherwise unpublished and now lost "The Principles of History" (1939), that is, Epilegomena ?? 3 and 6.2 It also does not occur in Epilegomena ? 2 (1935).

Israel's strategic doctrine

Abstract: : This study offers a profile of current Israeli strategic doctrine. By strategic doctrine we mean a central core of generally shared organizing ideas concerning a given state's national security problems. It is the means-ends chain that a state believes will best achieve security for itself. Israeli strategic doctrine is not to be found in any comprehensive formal statement by the Israeli government. Rather, the view of Israeli doctrine developed in this report has been culled from prior studies of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), articles and books by Israeli civilian and military decisionmakers, Israeli practice in crises and wars, and the current force posture of the IDF. The study is divided into three sections: the conditioning factors affecting the doctrine, the intermediate level political-military elements of the doctrine, and the operational elements of the doctrine. These are interrelated. Political-military and operational elements reflect and address the conditioning factors identified. Operational elements serve as the means to the political-military elements or ends of the doctrine. The highest-level political ends of a strategic doctrine, associated with a given state's foreign policy, are not addressed here. Such a task is beyond our mandate, though a comprehensive examination of the relationship between those aspects of Israeli strategic doctrine discussed in this report and Israeli foreign policy would certainly be a useful exercise.

Byron and Italy

Abstract: It may be an overstatement to maintain that Byron had a direct influence on Italian political thought in the nineteenth century, but his importance in defining and disseminating some of the principles of the new liberal ideology in England should not be underrated. Liberalism closely patterned on the English model was the leading doctrine of many of the Italians who brought about the Risorgimento, culminating in the unification of Italy.

Nonmarital Cohabitation in the Common Law Countries: A Study in Judicial-Legislative Interaction

Abstract: A study of nonmarital cohabitation in the common law countries is as much a study of the mechanisms of change as it is a study of the substantive legal rules affecting informal families.1 The movement of the law as it addresses the legal issues posed by recent dramatic changes in lifestyles highlights important differences in the legal systems of the common law world. Traditionally the common law has been viewed as a means of piecemeal, incremental change that operates on a case-by-case basis. Its doctrine of stare decisis coordinates what might otherwise be an unruly phenomenon of ad hoc justice. In addition, the realities of a shared language and a shared tradition of judicial reasoning have fostered a cross-pollination of ideas as courts have looked to persuasive opinions of sister-jurisdictions even when respect was not owed under the rules of precedent. Finally, common history and logic have often prompted independent yet parallel developments of the law.

The 'Public Uses' of Eminent Domain: History and Policy

Abstract: This paper examines the effects and implications of the ‘public use’ requirement for the exercise of eminent domain in the United States. It is part of an ongoing inquiry the consequences of eminent domain in the United States. The first part examines the history of the public use requirement, both how the doctrine has been articulated and logically extended and what purposes have been accomplished under it. The second part of the paper is an analytic critique of the public use doctrine. After considering whether any principled standard can be developed to delimit the proper uses of eminent domain, it examines a number of the difficult empirical and political questions confronted in any effort to develop such a standard that properly limits state power to confiscate privately held property.

Breach of Contract and the Foreseeability Doctrine of "Hadley V. Baxendale"

Abstract: IN the law and economics literature, there is a lively discussion of the appropriate remedy in the event of a breach of contract.1 In a world of full information with a complete set of contingent contracts, this debate would be moot. In a second-best world of limited information, high transaction costs, and noncontingent contracts, judicial decisions have significant impact upon the economy. This paper examines the efficiency implications of various remedy and excuse rules with particular emphasis on the foreseeability doctrine of Hadley v. Baxendale.2 The paper concludes that in a risk-neutral world, virtually any rule, including foreseeability, will be efficient, whereas none of the rules considered here guarantees efficiency in a world of risk-averse people. This paper stresses the efficiency aspect of these rules following Posner's prescription that, \"The economic test [in a breach of contract case] . . . is whether the imposition of liability will create incentives for value-maximizing conduct in the future.\"3 Although only the efficiency implications are examined here, court decisions also alter the incomes of participants.

Recent trends in UN human rights activity: description and polemic

Abstract: How have UN human rights goals and priorities evolved in the 1970s? The moderate compromise represented by the International Bill of Rights, as completed by the Covenants in 1966, has been undone in the seventies. A point-by-point examination of the major principles enunciated in General Assembly resolution 32/130 of 16 December 1977, which codified the trends of the decade and stands as the authoritative statement of the UN's strategic goals and priorities in the field of human rights, shows that the earlier moderation has been replaced by a one-sided, politicized, and often cynical approach. This development in UN doctrine merits polemical criticism.

Debate: extraordinary means and the sanctity of life.

Abstract: Ms Kuhse argues against the doctrine of 'the sanctity of life', against the application of acts and omissions doctrine in medical practice, and against the common assumption that there is a crucial moral difference between intentionally discontinuing ordinary medical treatment and intentionally discontinuing extra-ordinary medical treatment. Intentional acts or omissions which shorten life are in practice and must in theory be justified or rejected on the basis of the quality of life concerned, she argues. Such quality of life distinctions are needed in practice but they are logically incompatible with the doctrine of the sanctity of life; and the ordinaryl extraordinary means distinction cannot circumvent this incompatibility. Father Hughes in his conmnentary rejects Ms Kuhse's extretne interpretation of sanctity of life doctrine. He argues that the distinction between acts and omissions is relevant to medical practice and distinguishes between two different senses of 'omission' to support this. He finds Ms Kuhse's reliance on quality of life excessively reductionist and argues that her position seems to commit her to denying any moral difference between intending a death by withholding extraordinary treatment and intending a death by administering a lethal injection. That there is an important moral distinction here is a crucial intuition which supporters of the traditional view wish to maintain, even though 'the difficulty ... is to discover a philosophical means to support it'. While sanctity of life doctrines need development, they express 'a healthy presumption in favour of trying to preserve it'. In a final response Ms Kuhse replies to her commentator. Readers' attention is drawn also to the review by Professor Robin Downie on page 96 of a group of three papers entitled Prolongation of Life published by the Roman Catholic Linacre Centre.

The Doctrine of Synergism in Gregory of Nyssa's De Instituto Christiano

Abstract: XIMPORTANT BUT widely neglected topic in contemporary moral theology is the relationship between grace and works in the Christian moral life. To develop a cogent and generally acceptable theory about grace and works has never been an easy task, as we plainly see from the Pelagian controversy of the fifth century and the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth. Yet despite the difficulties involved, moral theologians must address this issue if they are to present a comprehensive theory of Christian ethics. And as they take up this task, they might find an unexpectedly fruitful resource in an ascetical treatise of Gregory of Nyssa, Ilepl rov ' () ' ~ ' ~ ' '\\ '() ' ' (\" 0 th G l Kara €0V Kara a11.YJ €taV aO\"KTJO\"EW<; n e oa [of Life] According to God and the Mode of Life According to Truth\") , better known by the Latin title De instituto christiano (\"On the Christian Mode of Life\") .1 While it may seem somewhat inappropriate to direct the attention of present-day theologians to a fourth century document, the fact is that in a certain sense the document is new. Scholars have long been familiar with a work by Gregory entitled De instituto christiano,2 but when Werner Jaeger was preparing his critical edition of Gregory's works he discovered that what had passed for a complete treatise was actually a mere excerpt-and a highly defective one at that-of a larger work by Gregory bearing the same title.3 Jaeger's research re-