Showing papers on "Enlightenment published in 1995"
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: Kotkin was the first American in 45 years to be allowed into Magnitogorsk, a city built in response to Stalin's decision to transform the predominantly agricultural nation into a "country of metal" as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This study is a street-level inside account of what Stalinism meant to the masses of ordinary people who lived it Stephen Kotkin was the first American in 45 years to be allowed into Magnitogorsk, a city built in response to Stalin's decision to transform the predominantly agricultural nation into a "country of metal" With unique access to previously untapped archives and interviews, Kotkin forges a vivid and compelling account of the impact of industrialization on a single urban community Kotkin argues that Stalinism offered itself as an opportunity for enlightenment The utopia it proffered, socialism, would be a new civilization based on the repudiation of capitalism The extent to which the citizenry participated in this scheme and the relationship of the state's ambitions to the dreams of ordinary people form the substance of this story Kotkin depicts a whole range of life: from the blast furnace workers who laboured in the enormous iron and steel plant, to the families who struggled with the shortage of housing and services
742 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1995TL;DR: The most up-to-date and comprehensive interpretation of the philosophy of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) is given in this paper, which makes use of unpublished manuscript sources.
Abstract: This is the most up-to-date and comprehensive interpretation of the philosophy of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716). Amongst its other virtues, it makes considerable use of unpublished manuscript sources. The book seeks to demonstrate the systematic unity of Leibniz's thought, in which theodicy, ethics, metaphysics and natural philosophy cohere. The key, underlying idea of the system is the conception of nature as an order designed by God to maximise the opportunities for the exercise of reason. From this idea emerges the view that this world is the best of all possible worlds, and an ethical ideal in which the well-being of human beings is promoted through the gradual extension of intellectual enlightenment.
175 citations
06 Oct 1995
98 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a list of illustrations of the golden age and its consequences, including ideas and images, collaboration and conspirators, reform, war and empire, public interest and private profit, and legacy Bibliographic essay.
Abstract: List of illustrations 1. Ideas and images 2. The golden age and its consequences 3. Action in the national interest 4. Collaborators and conspirators 5. Reform 6. War and empire 7. Public interest and private profit 8. The legacy Bibliographic essay.
97 citations
TL;DR: The Kankyo no Tomo Mf A 'A Companion in Solitude' as mentioned in this paper is a collection of stories about women and their search for religious enlightenment in Mahayana texts.
Abstract: A MONG the many collections of Buddhist setsuwa SE, medieval tales or anecdotes, is a scarcely studied text titled Kankyo no Tomo Mf A 'A Companion in Solitude', a work believed to have been written by Priest Keisei R, 1189-1268, in 1222. A striking feature of this collection is that many of its stories concern women and their search for religious enlightenment. There are few representations of women and conceptions of their redemptive potential in the popular medieval religious texts of Japan. Keisei's work therefore offers a rare insight into the complex and often contradictory ways in which women, their bodies, their sexuality, and their social and domestic functions were constructed in medieval writing. The Buddhist attitude to the status of women was by no means monolithic and unchanging. The early Indian Buddhist texts are marked by 'a tension between certain attitudes that seem unusually positive in their assessment of women and the feminine, on the one hand, and attitudes that are much more blatantly negative, on the other.'" In Mahayana canonical literature there are several contesting representations of women and the soteriological path open to them. One widely found assertion in the scriptures is that women cannot become bodhisattvas and eventual buddhas without first being reborn as men. Another motif that appears in the canon is the theme of sexual transformation. The wisdom of women on the path to enlightenment can be identified owing to a sexual change in which they lose their female characteristics and acquire a male body. While the avowed Buddhist goal is to transcend sexuality altogether, it is female sexuality that becomes a major impediment, while 'maleness' is the prerequisite for enlightenment.
88 citations
Book•
20 Mar 1995
TL;DR: From the restoration to the accession of Queen Victoria medical folklore in high and low culture - "Aristotle's Masterpiece" as mentioned in this paper, the Victorian polyphony, 1850-85 from the primeval protozoa to the laboratory.
Abstract: Part 1 From the restoration to Victoria: introduction - histories of sex contexts - from the restoration to the accession of Queen Victoria medical folklore in high and low culture - "Aristotle's Masterpiece". Appendices: editions of "Aristotle's Masterpiece" contents of "Aristotle's Masterpiece" contents of "Version 2" of "Aristotle's Masterpiece" contents of "Version 3" of "Aristotle's Masterpiece" doctors and the medicalization of sex in the enlightenment masturbation in the enlightenment - knowledge and anxiety quackery and erotica. Part 2 The Victorians and beyond: introduction - towards Victoria the Victorian polyphony, 1850-85 from the primeval protozoa to the laboratory - the evolution of sexual science from 1889 to the 1930s the authority of individual experience and the opinions of experts - sex as a social science "Good Sex" - the new rhetoric of conjugal relations public faces in private places - sex, law, politics and pressure groups silent stares, smut, censorship and surgical stores - the makings of popular sexual knowledges.
87 citations
Book•
15 Dec 1995
TL;DR: Enlightened Women as discussed by the authors is a philosophical critique of postmodernism and argues, against the current orthodoxy, that there can be a distinction between "sex" and "gender" in postmodernist feminism.
Abstract: This is a bold and controversial feminist, philosophical critique of postmodernism. Whilst providing a brief and accessible introduction to postmodernist feminist thought, Enlightened Women is also a unique defence of realism and enlightenment philosophy. The first half of the book covers an analysis of some of the most influential postmodernist theorists, such as Luce Irigaray and Judith Butler. In the second half Alison Assiter advocates a return to modernism in feminism. She argues, against the current orthodoxy, that there can be a distinction between "sex" and "gender". For students trying to pick their way through the maze of literature in the area of postmodernist feminism, Enlightened Women is a concise guide to contemporary thought - as well as a radical contribution to the debate.
85 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1995TL;DR: For many eighteenth-century European philosophers and writers, the "beautiful soul" was a symbol of enlightened humanity, carrying with it the possibility that aesthetic beauty and moral goodness would be fused in a new, indivisible unity as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: For many eighteenth-century European philosophers and writers, the "beautiful soul" was a symbol of enlightened humanity, carrying with it the possibility that aesthetic beauty and moral goodness would be fused in a new, indivisible unity. In the first book in English on the subject, Robert E. Norton follows the fortunes of this cultural icon, exploring the reasons for both its initial popularity and its subsequent decline as a cultural ideal during the Enlightenment.
77 citations
Book•
02 Nov 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the author offers two tales of the Scientific Revolution Science In The Reign Of Louis Xiii * Pawning off the New Science: Theophraste Renaudot and the Conferences of the Bureau of Foreign Affairs, and Systematic Thought: Ren Descartes and His World Science in the Reign of Louis Xiv.
Abstract: * The Introduction, in which the Author offers two tales of the Scientific Revolution Science In The Reign Of Louis Xiii * Pawning off the New Science: Theophraste Renaudot and the Conferences of the Bureau dadresse * Of Black Sheep, False Suns, and Systematic Thought: Ren Descartes and His World Science In The Reign Of Louis Xiv * A Science for a Polite Society: the Crown as the second most Philosophical Hat in Paris * A Pretty Novel of Physics, in which Cogito, ergo sum meets ltat cest moi Science In The Reign Of Louis Xv * The Demonstration of Enlightenment * The Discovery of the Newtonian World or, Flattening the Poles if not the Cartesians * Electricity in the Eighteenth Century or, The Philosophy of Shocks and Sparks * The Conclusion, in which the Author Draws a Moral
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, Steinbrugge interprets the Enlightenment as a deviation from a position staked out in the seventeenth century, namely, "the mind has no sex," and argues that the philosophes shifted the debate to categories like morality and sensitivity and took up economic issues as well.
Abstract: This book deals with a question that currently has a great deal of resonance among historians, feminists, and literary scholars: How was the nature of women redefined and debated during the French Enlightenment? Instead of treating the Enlightenment in the usual manner, as a challenge to orthodox ideas and social conventions, Lieselotte Steinbrugge interprets it as a deviation from a position staked out in the seventeenth century, namely, "the mind has no sex." In breaking with that view, the philosophes shifted the debate to categories like morality and sensitivity and took up economic issues as well. They inadvertently backed women into the corner of domesticity, where middle-class women remained for some time to come."
Book•
01 Dec 1995
TL;DR: The Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, also called the Age of Reason, was so named for an intellectual movement that shook the foundations of Western civilization as mentioned in this paper and planted the seeds for modern liberalism, cultural humanism, science and technology, and laissez-faire Capitalism.
Abstract: The Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, also called the Age of Reason, was so named for an intellectual movement that shook the foundations of Western civilization. In championing radical ideas such as individual liberty and an empirical appraisal of the universe through rational inquiry and natural experience, Enlightenment philosophers in Europe and America planted the seeds for modern liberalism, cultural humanism, science and technology, and laissez-faire Capitalism. This volume brings together works from this era, with more than 100 selections from a range of sources. It includes examples by Kant, Diderot, Voltaire, Newton, Rousseau, Locke, Franklin, Jefferson, Madison, and Paine that demonstrate the pervasive impact of Enlightenment views on philosophy and epistemology as well as on political, social, and economic institutions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors develop Maclntyre's concept of virtue ethics and show how this paradigm fits well with existing theories about organizational behavior, and how it can be seen as a return to the Aristotelian notion of virtue or excellence.
Abstract: Alasdair Maclntyre (1984) asserts that the ethical systems of the Enlightenment (formalism and utilitarianism) have failed to provide a meaningful definition of “good.” Lacking such a definition, business managers have no internal standards by which they can morally evaluate their roles or acts. Maclntyre goes on to claim that managers have substituted external measures of “winning” or “effectiveness” for any internal concept of good. He supports a return to the Aristotelian notion of virtue or “excellence.” Such a system of virtue ethics depends on an interrelationship of the community, one’s roles in that community, and the virtues one needs to perform that role well. This article develops Maclntyre’s concept of virtue ethics and shows how this paradigm fits well with existing theories about organizational behavior.
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: A treatment of Montesquieu's Persian Letters as mentioned in this paper argues that the novel is a philosophic critique of despotism in all its forms: domestic, political and religious.
Abstract: A treatment of Montesquieu's Persian Letters, which argues that the novel is a philosophic critique of despotism in all its forms: domestic, political and religious. It shows that Montesquieu believed that the Enlightenment failed as a philosophy by not recognising man as an erotic being.
Book•
12 Dec 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of ancient and modern Indian philosophy, including Advaita Vedanta, Neo-Confucianism, and Neo-Platonism and early Christianity.
Abstract: Preface to second edition. 1. Introduction. Part I: Ancient Philosophies: . 2. India. The 'Schools' and their Framework. Nyaya. Samkhya and Yoga. Advaita Vedanta. Buddhism. Ethics and Indian Philosophy. 3. China. The Character of Chinese Philosophy. Confucianism. Mohism. Taoism. 4. Greece. Legacies. Naturalism and Relativism. Plato. Aristotle. Epicureanism, Scepticism and Stoicism. Part II: Middle Period and 'Modern' Philosophies: . 5. Medieval Philosophies. Religion and Philosophy. Neo-Platonism and Early Christianity. Islamic and Jewish Philosophy. Thomism and its Critics. Medieval Mysticism. 6. Developments in Asian Philosophy. Theistic Vedanta. Neo-Confucianism. Zen Buddhism. Illumination. 7. From Renaissance to Enlightenment. Humanism and the Rise of Science. Scepticism. Dualism, Materialism and Idealism. Monism and Monadology. Enlightenment and Its Critics. Part III: Recent Philosophies:. 8. Kant and the Nineteenth Century. Kant. Absolute Idealism. Philosophies of the Will. Marxism and Social Darwinism. Positivism, Pragmatism and British Idealism. 9. Recent Non-Western Philosophies. India. China and Japan. The Islamic World. Africa. 10. Twentieth-Century Western Philosophies. Philosophies of Life. Phenomenology, Hermeneutics and Existentialism. Logical Atomism and Logical Positivism. Naturalisms. Postmodernism and Related Tendencies. Bibliography. Index.
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: This paper examined the cultural context of Goethe's scientific work and found that his modes of thought differed from both the Enlightenment and the Romantic traditions, and that Goethe made subtle distinctions between the Amateur and the Expert, the interplay between Enlightenment science and Romanticism's "Nature-Philosophy", and set his scientific thought into the context of the preceding 3000 years of scientific philosophy.
Abstract: Better known for his plays than for his experiments, the 18th century German poet and dramatist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was nevertheless an enthusiastic scientist. His researches into comparative anatomy lead to the discovery of the intermaxillary bone in man and he was prolific, although often misleading, in his writings on botany and physics (for example he made a rather foolish attempt to refute Newton's theory of light). This study examines the cultural context of his scientific work. It looks at the subtle distinctions Goethe made between the Amateur and the Expert, the interplay between Enlightenment science and Romanticism's "Nature-Philosophy", and attempts to set his scientific thought into the context of the preceding 3000 years of scientific philosophy. It examines Goethe's complex perception of aesthetics, worked out over 30 years with his friend and fellow writer Schiller, and concludes that Goethe's modes of thought differed from both the Enlightenment and the Romantic traditions.
Book•
27 Apr 1995
TL;DR: The subject-object problem has been identified as the central problem of design theory as discussed by the authors, and it has been studied extensively in the history of art and architecture in the western world.
Abstract: Contents. 1. Introduction: The central problem of design theory. Theories of form. A paradox in western theories of design. The subject-object problem 2. The Ancient World: The origins of design theory and education. The Greek revolution in philosophy. Greek Art and Architecture theory. Vitruvius 3. The Middle Ages: Shift from the secular to the divine. Medieval art and architecture theory. Scholasticism. Education in the guilds and universities 4. The Renaissance: The revival of ancient concepts. Art theory in the High Renaissance. The Mannerist extremes. The new art academies. The rise of Positivist science 5. The Baroque: The Baroque dualities. Rationalism and the priority of reason. Empiricism and the priority of sense. Art and architecture theory and the academics 6. The Enlightenment: Revolutionary foundations of the modern world. Positivism and the new deterministic sciences of man.The Romantic rebellion. Neo- Classicism and the academics. Immanual Kant and the synthesis of subject and object. 7. The Nineteenth century: Philosophical relativism and artistic eclecticism Classicism and The Ecole Des Beaux-Arts. German idealism, romanticism, and the Gothic revival. Positivism and artistic determinism. The shift to abstraction in art 8. The Twentieth Century (I): The reaction to the relativism in philosophy. The opposed sources of architectural form. the opposed sources of artistic form. The Bauhaus conflation. The Modern Movement 9. Twentieth Century (II): Late Modernism. Positivism and environmental design. Structuralism. Post-modernism and Post-structuralism List of illustrations Bibliography
Book•
01 Oct 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the Modernity Debate: 1. Two Senses of Modernity. 2. Defenders of the Faith, Disturbers of the Peace. 3. An Ethico-Political Imperative.
Abstract: Acknowledgements. Preface. Introduction: Political Philosophy Agonistes. Part I: The Modernity Debate: 1. Two Senses of Modernity. 2. Defenders of the Faith, Disturbers of the Peace. Part II: Living With/In Modernities. 3. An Ethico-Political Imperative. 4. Towards a Political Theory? Bibliography.
01 Mar 1995
TL;DR: Several kinds of evidence for religious behaviour in ancient Egypt are examined in this paper in an attempt to assess the nature and strength of the commitment that they represent, and whether the populace at large lived by reference to a world of superstitious gesture which has left little evidence behind.
Abstract: Ancient Egyptian culture was permeated by statements, symbolic and direct, which defined a world of deities and divine power. They amounted to a form of knowledge that was largely divorced from general personal behaviour and which afforded little recognition of individual experience. Furthermore, although practical provision for survival after death was important, life seems not to have offered a quest for enlightenment through enhanced knowledge of the divine. The exemplary life was a career pursued in what was basically a secular society. Our use of the term ‘religion’ for ancient Egypt, whilst justifiable as a convenience, clearly covers a relationship between belief and behaviour which is distinctive for its place and time. In this article, several kinds of evidence for religious behaviour in ancient Egypt are examined in an attempt to assess the nature and strength of the commitment that they represent. The question of whether the populace at large lived by reference to a world of superstitious gesture which has left little evidence behind is only briefly touched upon.
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed study covers a key time of transition in European history, 1795-1848, linking the turmoils of revolutionary Paris to the trial of the Enlightenment, and explores the development of ideas about the citizen, the nation and freedom.
Abstract: This detailed study covers a key time of transition in European history, 1795-1848. Linking the turmoils of revolutionary Paris to the trial of the Enlightenment. It explores the development of ideas about the citizen, the nation and freedom, in particular the drift from republican/classical to Germanic/Romantic thought. This comprehensive work can also be read as a collective biography of the era's most influential thinkers, including: Volney, Cabanais, Fauriel, Benjamin Constant, Madame de Stael, Simonde de Sismondi, Chateaubriand and the Schegels.
Book•
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors look at the achievements of intellectual and academic figures who made Glasgow into a centre of Enlightenment in the 18th century, including Frances Hutcheson, Thomas Reid, John Millar and John Anderson.
Abstract: This text presents the selected proceedings of a conference sponsored by the 18th-century Scottish Studies Society. It looks at the achievements of intellectual and academic figures who made Glasgow into a centre of Enlightenment in the 18th century. The book looks at the achievements of Adam Smith and his fellow scholars, including Frances Hutcheson, Thomas Reid, John Millar and John Anderson. At a time when the Glasgow economy was booming on the strength of its trade with America, these and other Glasgow men of science and learning were making major contributions to the European world of philosophy, law, economics, science and knowledge in general.
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In the early Eighteenth-Century, the politics of Committal to Early Modern Bethlem were discussed in this paper. But their focus was on the political aspects of the movement and not the medical aspects.
Abstract: Jonathan ANDREWS: The Politics of Committal to Early Modern Bethlem. L.W.B. BROCKLISS: Medical Reform, the Enlightenment and Physician-Power in Late Eighteenth-Century France. Johanna GEYER-KORDESCH: Whose Enlightenment? Medicine, Witchcraft, Melancholia and Pathology. Isobel GRUNDY: Sarah Stone, Enlightenment Midwife. Mark JACKSON: Developing Medical Expertise: Medical Practitioners and the Suspected Murders of New-Born Children. Ludmilla J. JORDANOVA: Reflections on Medical Reform: Cabanis' Coup d'xuil. Mary LINDEMANN: The Enlightenment Encountered: The German Physicus and His World, 1750-1820. Andreas-Holger MAEHLE: Conflicting Attitudes Towards Inoculation in Enlightenment Germany. Francis MCKEE: Honeyed Words: Bernard Mandeville and Medical Discourse. Roy PORTER: Shaping Psychiatric Knowledge: The Role of the Asylum. Roselyne REY: Vitalism, Disease and Society. Andrea A. RUSNOCK: The Weight of Evidence and the Burden of Authority: Case Histories, Medical Statistics and Smallpox Inoculation. David E. SHUTTLETON: Methodism and Dr George Cheyne's 'More Enlightening Principles'. Akihito SUZUKI: Anti-Lockean Enlightenment? Mind and Body in Early Eighteenth-Century English Medicine. Philip WILSON: An Enlightenment Science? Surgery and the Royal Society. INDEX.