Showing papers on "Excoecaria agallocha published in 2014"

Nutrient Dynamics Associated with Leaching and Microbial Decomposition of Four Abundant Mangrove Species Leaf Litter of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh

Abstract: Release of nutrients and organic matter from mangrove litter during the leaching and decomposition processes play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling in mangrove ecosystems. Mass loss and nutrient dynamics associated with leaching and microbial decomposition of leaf litter of Heritiera fomes, Excoecaria agallocha, Ceriops decandra and Xylocarpus mekongensis were studied in the Sundarbans. The initial mass of H. fomes, E. agallocha, C. decandra and X. mekongensis leaf litter was significantly decreased to 11 %, 18 %, 21 % and 19 % respectively after 168 h of leaching process. Irrespectively, mass loss due to the microbial decomposition was higher for E. agallocha (97 %) followed by X. mekongensis (74 %), C. decandra (44 %) and H. fomes (42 %) after 7 months. Highest amount of N (3.29 mg/g) was released from leaf litter of C. decandra and the highest amount of P (1.69 mg/g) and K (16.36 mg/g) was released from E. agallocha. Comparatively higher amount of N (6.36 mg/g), P (2.68 mg/g) and K (16.41 mg/g) was released from the leaf litter of E. agallocha than others. Our results are useful for estimating the total flux of nutrients of mangrove forest ecosystem, especially where the studied mangrove species occur abundantly.

Biodiversity and biomass of a natural and degraded mangrove forest of Peninsular Malaysia

Abstract: Anthropogenic activities have always been the cause of most environmental degradation, and mangrove disappearance is no exception. A comparative assessment on the biodiversity of natural and degraded mangrove forests has been undertaken, looking at the biomass, both above-ground and below-ground. The natural and the degraded mangrove forests were situated at Kuala Selangor and Sungai Haji Dorani, respectively, both on the West coast of Peninsular Malaysia. A random sample scheme with quadrate sample plots (10 m × 10 m) was adopted for the measurement of the diameter at breast height and total height of individual tree species at both forests. Diversity indices and above- and below-ground biomass were estimated from this inventory. Eight mangrove tree species were identified at both study areas, namely: Bruguiera parviflora, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Xylocarpus mekongensis and Excoecaria agallocha. The mangrove species in Sungai Haji Dorani showed high diversity with a Shannon–Weiner Index (H′) value of 0.91, compared to the natural mangrove of Kuala Selangor which has a lower value, H′ = 0.55. The dominant species in the natural mangrove area was B. parviflora, with the highest Important Value Index (IVI) of 70.96 %, as opposed to A. marina which was the most common species in the degraded mangrove area, with IVI of 49.16 %. An estimate of 305.46 t/ha of above-ground biomass was calculated for the natural mangrove, while 122.78 t/ha was obtained for the degraded mangrove forest. This contrasts with the below-ground biomass estimates, which were 14.09 t/ha for the natural mangrove and 36.35 t/ha for the degraded mangrove.

Antimicrobial potential of leaf extracts of ten mangrove species from indian sundarban

Abstract: Mangroves have wide applications in folk medicine since ages due to the presence of several bioactive compounds. This study aims to explore the antimicrobial activity of ten mangroves commonly found in Indian Sundarban region namely Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agallocha, Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia apetela,Aegiceres corniculatum, Acanthus ilicifolius, Nypa fruticans and Ceriops decandra. Different leaf extracts were prepared and used for disc assay against Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus and Tricophyton rubrum with different concentrations. Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Acanthus ilicifolius, Ceriops decandra and Excoecaria agallocha showed better antimicrobial potential than the others. Additionally, Acanthus ilicifolius and Avicennia marina extracts were most active in the lowest concentration. The highest activity was shown by acetone extract of Avicennia alba against Staphylococcus aureus where diameter of the zone of inhibition was 15.6 mm followed by ethyl acetate extract of Avicennia alba with 11.9 mm zone of inhibition.

Antimicrobial activities of blinding tree, Excoecaria agallocha against selected bacterial pathogens

Abstract: In aquaculture, the occurrence of bacterial resistance to synthetic antibiotics has become a serious problem. Therefore, research has been focused on finding new antimicrobial antibiotics from natural products to replace synthetic antibiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of mangrove plant blinding tree Excoecaria agallocha against selected fish pathogens namely Flavobacterium indicum, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Chryseobacterium gleum and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica previously named Flavobacterium meningosepticum. Mangrove leaves were obtained via extraction with 100 ml of methanol. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the bacteria were resistant to Nitrofurantion, Gentamycin and Neomycin, and were sensitive to Flumequine. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of E. agallocha was 3.12 mg/ml, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 6.25 mg/ml. Inhibition zones were significantly different (p< 0.05) depending on concentrations (100, 300 and 500 mg/ml) of the crude extraction of E. agallocha. The highest activity with LC50 of E. agallocha was 94.19 (mg/ml). Methanolic extract of E. agallocha exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against these bacteria. Key words: Antimicrobial activities, Excoecaria agallocha, inhibition zone, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), LC50.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis and thin layer chromatography of the extracts of excoecaria agallocha l.

Abstract: Purpose: The focus of the present paper was a preliminary phytochemical and TLC analysis of the various extracts (root, stem and leaf) of the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L. Methods: Phytochemical analysis was carried out using the standard phytochemical assays. TLC analysis of the petroleum ether and chloroform fraction of the leaves was carried out using the solvent system Toluene: Ethyl acetate (in 9:1 ratio) and Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (in 5:5:0.2 ratio) for PE and chloroform fractions respectively. Result and conclusion: The results of the preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various chemical compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, anthraquinone, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, fixed oil and fats. Organoleptic study revealed the specific nature of the plant parts used in the study. The behavior of the powdered plant parts in presence of various chemicals was studied. TLC analysis of the petroleum ether and chloroform fraction of the leaves of Excoecaria agallocha L. revealed bands indicating the presence of various compounds that could act as potential antimicrobial agents.

Floristic diversity and structural characteristics of mangrove forest of raja ampat, west papua, indonesia

Abstract: We studied the floristic compostion and structure of mangrove forests and mangrove species distribution at the Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua We sampled the forests using (10x10 m) quadrats to record trees and saplings laid out contiguously along 9 transects of 60 – 450 m long, stretching perpendicularly from the coastlines or riverbanks to the landward borders. Seedlings were sampled using a 1x1 m subplot nested in each quadrat. The transects were established on the islands of Batanta (6), Salawati (2). and Waigeo (1). Within quadrats and transects we recorded 17 mangrove species of trees with density of 768 stems/ha and basal area of 37.82 m 2 /ha and tree height of 10 – 30 m. Two species possessed the highest importance value (IV) , frequency, density and basal area i.e. Rhizophora apiculata (IV=168.06 %) and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (IV=67.18). They also showed the highest similarity in their distribution, indicating highest degree of association. The mangrove at Raja Ampat may, therefore, be designated as the Rhizophora apiculata-Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Association. Other species with highest degree of distributional similarities but with low densities, basal areas and importance values were Barringtonia racemosa, Excoecaria agallocha, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Inocarpus fagifera, Lumnitzera littorea and Sterculia shillinglawii, of which four of them are not true mangrove species, usually growing on less saline and more solid soils. The floristic composition of the transects in the three islands showed relatively high similarities of about 70 % and at higher similarities the transects in Batanta Island formed four groups, Salawati Island two groups and Waigeo Island one group.The Bray-Curtis polar ordination resulted in four groups of transects, which were related to the habitat conditions and the length of the transects. Species diversity in the islands was very low, where the Shannon diversity index ranged from 0.19 to 0.64 giving the average of 0.42. Rhizophora apiculata and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza were gregenerating well and in the future they will remain dominant. The mangrove forests of the Raja Ampat Islands by any means should be maintained as green belts and protected from all kinds of destruction and should be made into conservation areas in order to sustain its ability to provide ecological services and non-destructive economic benefits.

Growth density and regeneration of afforested mangroves at Mirersarai forest range in Bangladesh.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine growth performance of planted mangroves at three beats of Mirersarai forest range in the Chittagong coastal afforestation division, Bangladesh. This 22–29-year-old mangrove plantation showed satisfactory growth and regeneration with variations among different study sites. The study revealed that individual species density and overall density (stem/ha) in the study sites varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) where density of Sonneratia apetala was maximum among five species followed by Excoecaria agallocha, Avicennia officinalis, Ceriops decandra and Bruguiera sexangula. Sonneratia apetala attained the highest mean diameter at breast height (DBH) (cm) and height (m) among all the plantation species. It was found dominant at the middle section plantations of three beats, whereas Bruguiera sexangula and Ceriops decandra were found absent at seaside plantation sites. Overall tree density was found to be highest at the middle part (1880 stem/ha) followed by inland (1610 stem/ha)...

Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of field grown and tissue cultured root callus of mangrove species.

Abstract: Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial activity of mangrove species and the development of the callus biomass. Study Design: This is the first comparative evaluation report of field grown root and tissue cultured root callus of mangrove on anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activity. Acanthus ilicifolius, Calophyllum inophyllum and Excoecaria agallocha were tested in this present investigation. Place and Duration of Study: Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India. Between February 2012 and July 2013 Methodology: In order to develop callus biomass, a number of growth hormones were supplemented with the MS medium. Following the callus development, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activities were tested with field grown root and its tissue cultured root callus of Acanthus ilicifolius, Calophyllum inophyllum and Excoecaria agallocha. This was confirmed by different anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Results: Maximum (89%) root callus biomass was obtained from Acanthus ilicifolius on Original Research Article European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(6): , 2014 724 MS medium fortified with 0.3+0.3 mg/L of 2,4-D and KIN. 2,4-D 0.3mg/L and BAP 0.5 mg/L showed the maximum callus from both Calophyllum inophyllum (81%), Excoecaria agallocha (58%). In addition anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial effect of root and root callus of these three species were tested. In this study the root callus materials of all the three species showed the best anti-oxidant anti-bacterial activities. Conclusion: The metabolites from mangroves are good remedy for number of health problems especially the enhanced level of metabolites through the tissue culture techniques. The present study confirmed the anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial effect of Acanthus ilicifolius, Calophyllum inophyllum, Excoecaria agallocha n root extract. This study will be a key to develop a new drug to achieve healthy life. especially the root callus materials showed the better activity when compared to the field grow

Effect of Vegetation Structure on Carbon Assimilation Capacity of Mangrove Ecosystems in the East Coast of Sri Lanka

Abstract: Mangroves are proven as highly potential of providing an efficient carbon sink, both on short and longer time scales. Capacity of carbon sequestration abilities of mangroves is not only a trait that is governed by their genetic make-up, but also by environmental conditions. Total capacity of carbon retention by mangrove ecosystems therefore is partly determined by their vegetation structure. Vegetation sampling was carried out at six (6) randomly selected locations in mangrove areas of Batticaloa and Uppar lagoons on the east coast of Sri Lanka. Vegetation structure was determined by adopting standard methods and allometric relationships were used to determine mangrove plant biomass. Carbon content was determined by K2Cr2O7 oxidation method. Rhizophora apiculata and Excoecaria agallocha were the predominant species in Batticaloa mangroves, with representing high IVI values, 83.03 and 174.58 respectively, while Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina were dominant Uppar lagoon with IVI values were 87.73 and 63.94 respectively, may reason of dissimilarities of soil salinity and nature of inundations. Chemical analysis revealed that nearly half of the biomass of wood and roots mangrove species (5) encountered in study area contained organic carbon. Accordingly higher TOC stock was retained by Batticaloa mangroves (149.71 t/ha) than Uppar lagoon mangroves (135.20 t/ha). Positive correlations (p<0.05) were revealed between TOC in mangrove trees with vegetation structural complexity (CI) and leaf area index (LAI), which easily quantify in the field.

Phytosociological analysis of mangrove forest at kadalundi- vallikkunnu community reserve, kerala

Abstract: Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu Community Reserve spread across the 1.5km 2 , endowed with good patches of Mangrove forest. Phytosociology is a scientific discipline which encompasses the study of plant community, composition, diversity and relationships among the component species. The present study aims on floristic diversity and structural dynamics of Mangroves in Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu Community Reserve situated in Calicut- Malappuram districts of Kerala. A total of 7 species belonging to 5 families were enumerated. The study area showed a dominance of Avicennia officinalis followed by Rhizophora mucronata, Excoecaria agallocha whereas Sonneratia alba recorded lowest density. Maximum Relative Basal area was represented by Avicennia officinalis followed by Rhizophora mucronata, therefore these species registered the highest Important Value Index (IVI) and Relative IVI among the 7 mangrove species. Diversity indices was found out for entire study area with Shannon Weiner index (H') of 2.117, Equitability (e) of 0.745 and Simpson's diversity index (D) of 0.713 respectively. Since many of the anthropogenic activities going on this community reserve, unique composition of this mangrove forest has to be protected in its natural condition.

Analisis Kelayakan Pengembangan Ekowisata Mangrove di Pantai Muara Indah Kecamatan Pantai Labu Kabupaten Deli Serdang

Abstract: Mangrove forests in Pantai Muara Indah was a buffer and tourism area were located in Denai Kuala Village. Purpose of this research was to asses the potential of mangrove forests, such as type, closure, and fauna of the mangrove forest with visual method. Setting a strategy for sustainable tourism development in the mangrove in Pantai Muara Indah with SWOT analysis . This research found 8 species of mangroves, Avicennia lanata, Avicennia marina, Bruguieira exaristata, Bruguieira gymnorrhyza, Excoecaria agallocha, Hibiscus tiliaceus Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata. Fauna were found in this research area consisted of fish, crustaceans, primates and birds. People around the mangrove forests agree with the ecotourism development activities. The results of the feasibility development analysis with 3 aspects: ecology with the score 36,8, socioeconomic score 22,6, and supporting criteria with a score 9,6, according to criteria of feasibility assessment of tourism development mangrove forests in Muara Indah Beach was feasible to be developed 69,5. Keywords : Ecotourism, Mangrove Ecosystems, Pantai Muara Indah.

Analisis vegetasi mangrove untuk strategi pengelolaan ekosistem berkelanjutan di taman nasional bali barat

Abstract: This research was conducted in the coastal areas of Bali Barat National Park in March-June 2012. The goal is to determine the composition and structure of mangrove vegetation in Bali Barat National Park, the extent of damage and the level of criticality of mangroves in the area of ?? Bali Barat National Park and to determine management strategies for sustainable mangrove ecosystems in Bali Barat National Park. This study employed observation method with Line Transect sampling techniques and Sample Plots (Transect Line Plot) which is perpendicular to the shoreline landward. Data were analyzed using analysis of vegetation. Results showed mangrove vegetation in Bali Barat National Park consists 5 families major mangrove with 13 mangrove species and 5 families with 5 species of minor mangrove. In Gilimanuk Bay Important Value Index (IVI) for the highest phase of seedling was Excoecaria agallocha by 78.00%, sapling phase C. tagal amounted to 91.61% and the phase of the tree was Sonneratia alba by 103.76%. Shannon Diversity Index (H’) of mangrove vegetation in Gilimanuk Bay between 0.3630 to 0.7419 with a low category. In Terima Bay the highest IVI phase of seedling was Ceriops decandra by 78.33%, sapling phase C. decandra by 162.41% and the phase of tree was E. agallocha amounted to 85.06%. H’ mangrove vegetation in Terima Bay between 0.0000 to 0.7889 with a low category. In Banyuwedang Bay the highest IVI phase of seedling was E. agallocha by 63.08%, sapling phase was Ceriops tagal amounted to 86.28% and the phase of tree was E.agallocha of 79.98%. H’ mangrove vegetation in Banyuwedang Bay between 0.0000 to 0.7889 with a low category. In Menjangan Island the highest IVI phase of seedling was C. tagal by 63.69%, sapling phase C. tagal amounted to 66.66% and the phase of tree was E. agallocha by 109.08%. H’ Menjangan Island mangrove vegetation ranged from 0.3991 to 0.8217 with a low category. The level of damage based on Mangrove Damage Criteria according to Minister of Environment Decree No. 201 of 2004 seedlings and saplings phase, the density of each species included in the very dense criteria (good) and phase trees included in the rare criteria (damaged). The critical level of mangrove vegetation based on the formulation of the Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, Ministry of Forestry in 2005, mangrove vegetation in the Bali Barat National Park can be classified Not Damaged. Bali Barat National Park mangrove aquatic environment is conducive to support the stability and development of mangrove vegetation in the future as a result of physical and chemical parameter measurements mangrove aquatic environment is still below of standard.

Leaf Anatomical Studies on Some Mangrove Plants

Abstract: Leaf anatomical characters of mangrove taxa namely Acanthus illicifolius, Aegiceros corniculatum, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucranata, Suaeda maritima, S. monoica and Sesuvium portulacasturm were investigated. Hand sections of leaves were made at a position approximately half way between the base and apex of a sector from one side of the lamina. Petiole sections were made in the middle of the petiole and the sections were stained with aqueous safranin and mounted in glycerin jelly sealed with paraffin wax. Apart from light microscope sections, also observed under SEM microscope. The mangrove taxa showed anatomical characters which are adapted to mangrove environment even though they are from different families. With regard to epidermal characters, the mangroves of one family showed closer resemblance to the non-mangroves of the same family than to mangroves of other families. The study indicated that the epidermal characters are reliable for identification of various plant species.

Antioxidant Properties and HPLC Assay of Bioactive Polyphenols of the Ethanol Extract of Excoecaria agallocha Stem Bark Growing in Bangladesh

Abstract: DOI: 10.9734/BJPR/2014/12425 Editor(s): (1) Dongdong Wang, Department of Pharmacogonosy, West China College of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China. Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece. (2) Anonymous, Shanghai University, China. (3) Anonymous, National Research Center, Egypt. Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=633&id=14&aid=5973

Growth Performance of Mangrove Species in Chakaria Sundarban

Abstract: Mangroves are unique ecosystems of land- sea interface in the tropical and sub -tropical regions of the world. The study was conducted in experimental mangrove nurseries established at two different sites in Chakaria Sundarban of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh to assess survival percentage and growth performance of four mangrove species ( Sonneratia apetala, Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina and Excoecaria agallocha ). Height and collar diameter were measured in one month intervals. The study showed that after three months, the highest (53.33%) and the lowest (6.67%) survival percentage was found in Keora and Gewa seedlings in Chaurfari site. In Chuarfari, the maximum (44.12 cm) height was found in Moricha Baen followed by Sada Baen (36.85 cm) and Keora (29.58 cm). After three month, Keora in both sites showed better collar diameter (1.08 cm in Chaurfari and 1.04 cm in Badarkhali) c ompared to other species. The study recommends the plantation of Keora, Moricha Baen and Sada Baen mangrove species in both sites.

Mangrove Vegetation and Water Quality Conditions in the Coastal Area of Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan

Abstract: The aim of this study was 1) to assess the mangrove vegetation condition from mangrove distribution and composition and Importance value index (IVI), and 2) to assess the water quality from physico-chemical parameters and primary productivity in the coastal waters of Seruyan Regency The study was carried out from December 2012 to May 2013, on 3 mangrove zones or habitats in the coastal area of Seruyan Regency, Central Kalimantan, ie Zone I (Sungai Bakau Village), Zone II (Kuala Pembuang II Village); and Zone III (Sungai Gintung Village) Data were obtained by Line Tansect Plot method, population sampling of an ecosystem with sample plot approach along the line put from the coastal line toward the land Vegetation diversity showed that mangrove distribution in the study site was structured by 5 species, Avicennia marina, Excoecaria agallocha L, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia caseolaris Zone I (Sungai Bakau village) had 16 individuals (696%) of N fruticans and 7 individuals (304%) of S caseolaris, with a density of 6 ind/100 m2 Zone II (Kuala Pembuang II village) had 66 individuals (892%) of A marina,4 individuals (54%)of E agallocha and 4 individuals (54%) of R apiculata, with a density of 15 ind/100 m2 Zone III (Sungai Gintung village) had only A marina as many as 30 individuals (100 %) The mangrove density was 10 ind/100 m2 Moreover, the importance value index in zone I was 1514 for N fruticans and 1486 for S caseolaris In zone II, the highest IVI occurred in A marina (2317), followed by E agallocha (500) and Rhizophora apiculata (183) In zone III, since A marina was the only spesies found, the IVI was 3000 Mangrove productivity was 100 gr C/m2/yr in zone I, 6398 gr C/m2/yr in zone II, and 3536 gr C/m2/yr in zone III, respectively Physico-chemical parameters, such as temperature, pH, DO, and total suspended solid still met the provision of Minister’s Decree for Living Environment No 51, 2004 Except that nitrate (N-NO3) and phosphate (P-PO4) exceeded provision of seawater quality standard, 0008 mg/l for nitrate (N-NO3) and 0015 mg/l for phosphate (P-PO4)

Anti-Nociceptive Effect in Mice of Thillai Flavonoid Rutin

Abstract: We investigated the anti-nociceptive effect of Excoecaria agallocha(E.agallocha)against chemically and thermally induced nociception,Albino mice received a dose of 10,15,20,or 25

Kajian kesesuaian ekowisata mangrove di pantai bali desa mesjid lama kecamatan talawi kabupaten batu bara provinsi sumatera utara

Abstract: Bali Beach is a located in Batu Bara with an area of approximately 637.22 ha which is a coastal area about 30.6% of the total area.This study aims to determine the potential of mangrove ecosystem for ecotourism, calculate the suitability and mangrove ecotourism carrying capacity. This research was conducted in March to April 2014. Research method used was Purposive Sampling for potential mangrove. Using three stations consisted of the first station (located at the eastern area of Bali Beach), second station (located at the middle area of Bali Beach), and the third station (located at the west coast of Bali Beach). The mangrove species found are: Excoecaria agallocha, Avicennia marina, A.lanata, Bruguiera sexangula, B.cylindrica, Rhizophora mucronata, Aegiceras corniculatum, A.Officinalis, R. stylosa, Ceriops tagal with a population density values exceeding 1000 trees / ha. Suitability index tour of mangrove is 69,23%at the first station is with under unconditional category, and at the second station and third station are 94,87% with suitability category. The carrying capacity (DDK) at first station is 12 persons/day, 37 persons/day at second station and 16 persons/day at third station. Keywords : Ecotourism, Mangrove, Bali Beach

Kajian sosio-ekologis kawasan mangrove di pesisir pantai kecamatan biduk-biduk, kalimantan timur

Abstract: The study aims to determine the existing condition of mangrove as well as to asses dependency of coastal communities to the mangrove system at districts Biduk-biduk, East Kalimantan. The primary data related to the mangrove condition was conducted using random sampling while sosio-ecology was taken through direct interviewing. The results obtained composition studies as many as 31 species of mangrove species consisting of 13 species of true mangrove and 18 species of mangrove associates, where the average value of the density of mangroves in the study site was 1489 individuals/ha. True mangrove species found in this study include Acathus ilicifolius, Aegiceras corniculatum, Brugueira gymnorhizza, B. parviflora, Ceriops tagal,Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia lanceolata, Xylocarpus granatum. Social studies results obtained information that the level of utilization direct of mangrove forests by the communities in the districts Biduk-biduk was relatively low as they were aware with the mangrove functionnement ecologically.

Analysis of Red Edge Position and Spectral Unmixing of Hyperspectral Data for Identification of Mangrove Species

Abstract: Application of hyperspectral data for species level mapping of mangroves is an area of active research in the present date. Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU) of hyperspectral data has been successful in mangrove discrimination at sub pixel level. However, it only provides information about the fractional abundance of end members within each mixed pixel whereas their location within the pixel is unknown. This study has used spectral profile and data of pure end members extracted by automated target generation algorithm (NFINDR) and applied them to determine the fractional abundance of sub pixels in pure and mixed pixels. The locations of sub pixels have been determined using Simulated Annealing Algorithm. The study has been successful in finding out the spatial distribution of mixed mangrove species within a pixel and has greatly helped in obtaining classified maps at finer spatial resolution.The accuracy has been validated from field visits made in the study area. This paper also attempts to show that the red edge position of different mangrove species vary and thus can be an effective parameter to classify and distinguish different mangrove types in this study. Comparison of ground reference map and the classified output generated from REP suggests some degree of success in identifying species such as Ceriops, Excoecaria Agallocha, Avicennia Marina and Avicennia Alba. Analysis of classified output and accuracy assessment shows that LSU shows better classification accuracy than red edge values. LSU has been able to successfully discriminate between 8 dominant mangrove species of the study area namely, Excoecaria, Aegialitis, Avicennia Alba, Avicennia Marina, Ceriops, Phoenix, Avicennia Officinalis and Casurina.

A study on the antibacterial effects of the various extracts of excoecaria agallocha l.

Abstract: The antibacterial activity of the root, stem and leaf extracts of Excoecaria agallocha L. was tested against the test organisms Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., Shigella sonnei and Staphylococcus aureus. The activity was tested both by agar well diffusion and disc diffusion methods. It was found that the extracts were very effective in controlling the growth of all the organisms tested.

The Ecological Condition of Mangrove in Bali Beach, Mesjid Lama Village, Talawi Sub District, Batu Bara District, North Sumatera Province.

Abstract: Mangrove is the living plant community between the sea and the land that was influenced by the tides. Bali beach in Mesjid Lama village, Batu Bara Regency of North Sumatera Province has an area of mangrove forest about 637,22 ha. Bali beach still has a natural mangrove ecosystem. But, the coastal has long been used by the local community as a source of livelihood especially mangrove forest logging. This research was aimed to know the ecological condition of mangrove forest and condition of the mangrove waters. This research is done in March 2014 to Mei 2014. This research is done with a purposive sampling method by taking and observing of biotic components which was mangrove vegetation and the measurement of water quality parameters. There are 10 kinds of mangrove which found in the research location, namely Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia lanata, A. marina, A. officinalis, Bruguiera cylindrica, B. sexangula, Ceriops tagal, Excoecaria agallocha, Rhizophora mucronata and R. stylosa. Kinds of mangrove substrate at this research is clay, loam and silty loam. The biggest diversity index is in the station II. Keywords : mangrove, the ecological condition, water quality, Batu Bara District.

Mangrove Species Diversity of Sandwip Island of Chittagong

Abstract: The present study deals with the diversity of mangrove plant species of Sandwip Island of Chittagong, Bangladesh. A total of 18 mangrove plant species under 15 genera and 12 families have been documented from the study area. The species diversity has been investigated by random quadrat method. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H`), species richness (d) and Pielou’s evenness index (J`) have been analysed by using PRIMER v6 program. Highly dominant species of the area are Excoecaria agallocha L., Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr., Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. and Tamarix indica Willd. It can be concluded that the present study will be helpful for the planners and policy makers to plan for the better conservation and sustainable management of mangrove plant resources of Sandwip Island as well as to prepare a useful green belt to protect the coastal area.

Mangrove Species Diversity of Sandwip Island of Chittagong, Bangladesh

Abstract: Mangrove Species Diversity of Sandwip Island of Chittagong, Bangladesh The present study deals with the diversity of mangrove plant species of Sandwip Island of Chittagong, Bangladesh. A total of 18 mangrove plant species under 15 genera and 12 families have been documented from the study area. The species diversity has been investigated by random quadrat method. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H`), species richness (d) and Pielou’s evenness index (J`) have been analysed by using PRIMER v6 program. Highly dominant species of the area are Excoecaria agallocha L., Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr., Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. and Tamarix indica Willd. It can be concluded that the present study will be helpful for the planners and policy makers to plan for the better conservation and sustainable management of mangrove plant resources of Sandwip Island as well as to prepare a useful green belt to protect the coastal area..

The Community Structure Of Mangrove Vegetation In Rindu Laut Of Purnama Village Of Dumai City

Abstract: This study was done in June 2014 in Rindu Laut coast of Purnama Village of Dumai City. The field sampling was using the method Line Transect Plot. The mangrove in the study area had 6 families with 10 species, i.e. Xylocarpus granatum, Rhizopora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops tagal, Lumnitzera littorea, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Excoecaria agallocha and Nypa fruticans. The mangrove species that dominated in this area was Xylocarpus granatum and Rhizopora apiculata. Based on the diversity, density and water quality parameters indicated the condition of the mangrove in the study area of was at the medium stage. Parameters of the environment enough to support the growth and development of mangrove forests, it can be seen from the condition of aquatic and a substrate muddy bottoms. The calculation of the value of the dominance Index (C) ranged from 0.16 to 0.58, indicating no type of mangrove species dominating the study area. Keywords: mangrove, the structure of the community, diversity, Rindu Laut, Dumai

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Linn.

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to determine the antiulcer activity of ethanolic ctivity of leaves extract from of Excoecaria agallocha linn. The pharmacognostical studies made on the leaves extact Excoecaria agallocha linn ash values, extractive value, loss on drying, fluorescence analysis and foaming index gave valuable information. The preliminary phytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, gums and phytosteroids. The pharmacological and acute toxicity studies of ethanol extract was performed by following, OECD-423 guidelines (Acute toxic class method). No mortality or acute toxicity was observed (3 days) up to 2000mg/kg of body weight. The phytoconstituents like flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins have been reported in several anti-ulcer literatures as possible gastroprotective agents. Flavonoids, tannins and triterpenes are among the cytoprotective active materials for which antiulcerogenic efficacy has been extensively confirmed. It is suggested that these compounds will be able to stimulate mucus, bicarbonate and prostaglandin secretion, and counteract with the deteriorating effects of reactive oxidants in gastrointestinal lumen. Tannins may prevent ulcer development due to their protein precipitating and vasoconstriction effects.

Human impact on physico-chemical properties of soil in relation to mangrove ecosystem in malvan tahasil of sindhudurg district, maharashtra, india: a case analysis

Abstract: Mangroves characterize the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The importance of mangroves is increasingly realized all over the world. Directly or indirectly mangroves have a major role to play in coastal economy. The mangroves of Maharashtra state are mainly confined to 720 Km and spread over five districts namely. Mumbai, Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg. The mangroves of Sindhudurg district are confined to 16 estuaries and occupy 1373 hectare area. The important species of this area includes Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops tagel, Kandelia candel, Avicennia offiacinalis, Avicennia marina var. acutissima, Avicennia marina var. resinifera, Sonnearatia alba, Aegiceras corniculatum, Lumnitzera recemosa, Excoecaria agallocha, Cynometra iripa, Derris heterophylla, Acanthus ilicifolius and many others. In recent years mangroves are being degraded due to several reasons. The human activities leave their impact on natural environment. The human impact has become more acute in the Konkan region of the state where mangroves are found. In the present study an attempt is made to evaluate human impact on mangrove ecosystem in relation to construction work and on food chain at Malvan Tahasil of Sindhudurg District. In the present study it is found that due to human activities there is significant change in physico-chemical properties of soil. Due to changed nature of soil the mangroves disappeared and there is emergence of fresh water forms. All above impact lead to some change or the other on mangrove flora and fauna. The present work attempts to record visible changes occurred in the mangrove vegetation.