Showing papers on "Facial expression published in 1974"

Sex, personality, and physiological variables in the communication of affect via facial expression.

Abstract: "Senders" viewed 25 emotionally loaded color slides. Their facial expressions were observed via a hidden television camera by "observers" who made judgments about the nature of each slide and the sender's reaction to it. A total of 64 undergraduates were arranged in eight pairings each of females sending to male observers, females sending to females, males sending to males, and males sending to females. Statistically significant communication was demonstrated, with females being more accurate senders than males. More accurate senders tended to show a smaller skin conductance and heart rale response to the slides and a more "personal" verbal report of their emotional reaction to the slides. Several personality measures were related to communication accuracy and physiological responding. The role of nonverbal behavior in the process of communication has been the subject of much recent study in both animals and humans. An important beginning has been made toward analyzing the specific facial, postural, and gestural cues that inform others about the affective state of an individual (e.g., Ekman, 1972; Izard, 1971). Other experiments have been directed to the study of differences in the ability to "send" and "receive" accurate nonverbal messages and the implications of such ability in one's social and emotional life.3 Miller and his colleagues have developed a paradigm for studying individual differences in the nonverbal sending and receiving ability of rhesus monkeys (Miller, 1967; Miller, Caul, & Mirsky, 1967). This paradigm has been adapted to the study of humans by Gubar (1966) and Lanzetta and Kleck

A parametric model for human faces.

Abstract: : This report presents a computer model for the representation of human faces. This three-dimensional, parametric model produces shaded facial images. The face, constructed of polygonal surfaces, is manipulated through the use of parameters which control interpolation, translation, rotation and scaling of the various facial features. With this model, very little input information is needed to specify and generate a specific face with a specific expression. The model has been successfully used to produce a large variety of facial images and several animated sequences. The animated sequence illustrate the power of the model to change facial expression and conformation. Experience with the model indicates that fewer than 10 parameters must be manipulated to produce reasonable speech synchronized facial animation. (Author)

Discussion paper: innate, discriminative human facial expressions to taste and smell stimulation

Abstract: In an earlier study’. * we described the “Gustofacial Response.” This is a welldifferentiated motor reaction of the facial muscles to adequate stimulation of the peripheral, gustatory receptors. These reactions are rigidly fixed features, different in their appearance as related to sweet, sour, and bitter stimuli. They are of innate character, and controlled by the neural structures of the brainstem, not necessarily involving structures of the cerebral cortex. We interpreted these reflex-like reactions as stimulus-dependent, innate, communication signals, as part of the human-nonverbal communication repertory, serving the child-mother relationship. This phenomenon became apparent to us while we were observing adult human subjects, testing them by a simple psychophysiological procedures to determine the functional state of their sense of taste.3-6 These adult subjects represented a cross section of the variegated population of Israel, some of them healthy young adults, tested as control subjects. Some others were tested under experimental or pathological conditions. In the majority of our subjects, we observed that suprathreshold stimulation with sweet, sour, and bitter compounds induced typical and differentiated facial expressions to each of these three types of stimuli. The constant appearance of the “grimaces,” the irresistable way in which they appeared, often embarassing even to the subjects themselves, led us to hypothesize that this reaction is more innate than of acquired (learned) character. We verified this hypothesis with 175 neonate infants, among them a group of 75 less than 16 hours of age, tested in the period between birth and the first breast (or bottle) feeding. In addition to this population of normal healthy neonates, we had the opportunity to test four neonates with severe developmental malformation of the central nervous system (anencephalic and hydroanencephalic neonates). Both the normal and the malformed babies tested displayed typical facial expressions to the aforementioned tastants. The reactions can be described as follows: T o the presentation of sweet stimuli, a marked relaxation of the facial muscle, retraction of the mouth angles resembling a “smile” or “satisfaction,” in general accompanied by eager movements of licking and sucking. Presentation of sour stimulation elicited a pursing of the lips, which can be of a steady holding of this position or of a repeated type with a twitching element. Bitter stimulation induced a facial reaction characterized by depression of the mouth angles with a simultaneous or subsequent elevation of the central part of the upper lip, creating an “arch-like” mouth opening. This facial expression resembles “dislike” or

Trigeminal-facial nerve communications. Their function in facial muscle innervation and reinnervation

Abstract: Peripheral trigeminal-facial communicating rami are trigeminal fibers accompanying facial nerve branches. Rami participate in innervation of facial muscles, mediating facial proprioception, and deep sensibility. Sparse extrapetrous facial nerve afferents have smaller diameters than typical muscle spindle nerve fibers; however, rami contain larger fibers. Facial kinesthetic sense probably derives from cutaneous and mucosal receptors having cell bodies in trigeminal and geniculate ganglia, their central processes terminating in the trigeminal sensory nucleus. Denervated facial musculature may be reinnervated other than by regeneration of the affected facial nerve. Transsagittal sprouting of the opposite facial nerve may provide partial reinnervation. Some facial nerve fibers may utilize alternate routes over trigeminal branches; collateral sprouting of these accessory motor fibers may provide some reinnervation. Systematic clinical observations and experiments using modern electrophysiological techniques could answer questions suggested by this review and establish functional significance of trigeminal-facial communications.

The role of expression in the recognition of a face.

Abstract: The 80 subjects were tested for their accuracy and confidence of recognition of photographs or their negatives from the Lightfoot series a single female face in various expressions. A week later, they twice rated the same stimuli on Schlosberg's three dimensions of facial expression. The expressions were recognized with less confidence and less accuracy in negative than in positive, were rated differently in negative than positive, and tended to show the greatest discrepancies in ratings when least accurately and least confidently recognized. Facial expression is apparently a parameter of facial recognition.

An ethology-based catalogue of facial/vocal behaviors in infancy1

Abstract: The ethological approach is suggested as a fruitful research strategy in the study of how infants express emotions. This approach led to the development of a large catalogue of facial/vocal behaviors that was used in the systematic observation of 75 girl and boy infants in the last quarter of the first year of life placed in a series of standardized laboratory situations. Each of the 42 facial expressions contained in the catalogue are precisely defined according to the expressive elements of the brow, eyes, mouth, and other facial regions. The vocalizations are also operationally defined. The possible ways that the facial expressions and vocalizations could be combined in the expression of emotional behavior in infants are discussed.

Children's Use of Component Patterns of Faces in Multidimensional Recall Problems.

Abstract: ODOM, RICARD D., and LEMOND, CAROLYN M. Children's Use of Component Patterns of Faces in Multidimensional Recall Problems. CmLD DEVELOPMENT, 1974, 45, 527--531. Photographs of human faces arranged in a left-to-right array were presented to 6-year-olds and followed by probes to assess the recall of the array location of each photograph. Facial expression and facial identity were varied among the photographs in the array, and the results, like those of perceptual salience research, indicated that recall of the component patterns was affected by the categories to which they belonged. Perceptual sensitization techniques, designed to increase the salience of the expression and identity categories, appeared to affect only the identity category. Overall, the results provide support for the general applicability of a perceptual salience interpretation of the development of problem solving.

Social and Pharmacological Influences on the Nonverbal Communication of Monkeys and of Man

Abstract: Nonverbal behavior is a pervasive aspect of the daily lives of animals and man (Argyle, 1969; Bonner, 1955). Yet we are but rarely and fleetingly aware of others’ subtle signs of eye contact, facial expression, or posture in a social transaction that convey the important messages of attention, interest, affection, annoyance, etc. Even less do we attend to the nonverbal cues that we transmit during an exchange unless there is some special reason to impress or deceive the other. In a sense, nonverbal behavior is like the atmosphere around us. We depend on air for life but, for the most part, use it unthinkingly. It is only when one encounters some difficulty in breathing, say at high altitudes or in respiratory illness, or when some odorous contaminant is mixed with air, that we begin to attend to the atmosphere in which we swim.