Showing papers on "Facial expression published in 1977"
TL;DR: Infants between 12 and 21 days of age can imitate both facial and manual gestures; this behavior cannot be explained in terms of either conditioning or innate releasing mechanisms.
Abstract: Infants between 12 and 21 days of age can imitate both facial and manual gestures; this behavior cannot be explained in terms of either conditioning or innate releasing mechanisms. Such imitation implies that human neonates can equate their own unseen behaviors with gestures they see others perform.
2,904 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an infant control habituation-recovery procedure was used to study 3-month-old infants' discrimination of sad, happy, and surprise facial expressions.
Abstract: YOUNG-BROWNE, GAIL; ROSENFELD, HOWARD M.; and HOROWITZ, FRANCES DEGEN. Infant Discrimination of Facial Expressions. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1977, 48, 555-562. An infant control habituation-recovery procedure was used to study 3-month-old infants' discrimination of sad, happy, and surprise facial expressions. 24 experimental infants were habituated to a facial expression and then presented another expression. Following response decrement to the second expression, a third expression was presented. Discrimination was measured by increases in looking time following presentation of a new expression. Relative to 12 no-stimulus-change control subjects, the results indicated that the experimental subjects significantly discriminated the surprise from the happy and, sometimes, from the sad expressions. Prior research assessing infant discrimination of facial expressions by comparing overall fixation times had not found significant effects earlier than 5 months. The fact that no significant differences in mean looking time were found in the present study indicates that the habituation-recovery paradigm is a more sensitive procedure for measuring infant facial discrimination.
236 citations
TL;DR: This study is an attempt to confirm Konrad Lorenz's hypothesis that certain infantile cues served as releasers for caretaking behaviour in human adults and to identify relevant cues.
169 citations
TL;DR: Twenty silent 1-minute video segments of psychiatric patients ranging in anxiety levels were shown to 46 raters and raters were able to identify the presence of anxiety and discriminate varying intensities of anxiety on the basis of nonverbal -cues alone.
Abstract: Twenty silent 1-minute video segments of psychiatric patients ranging in anxiety levels were shown to 46 raters. Raters were able to identify the presence of anxiety and discriminate varying intensities of anxiety on the basis of nonverbal -cues alone. Nonverbal cues identified as most salient in communicating anxiety were the hands, eyes, mouth, and torso. Additional microanalysis examined how these body areas cued anxiety. Discussion of nonverbal cues for anxiety is couched in terms of Ekman and Friesen's theorizing regarding nonverbal masking and leakage.
146 citations
TL;DR: A slide-viewing paradigm measuring the tendency to communicate accurate nonverbal messages via spontaneous facial expressions and gestures was applied to 13 male and 11 female preschoolers (aged 4-6 years).
Abstract: A slide-viewing paradigm measuring the tendency to communicate accurate nonverbal messages via spontaneous facial expressions and gestures was applied to 13 male and 11 female preschoolers (aged 4-6 years). The children watched 16 emotionally loaded color slides while, unknown to them, their mothers viewed their reactions via television. The children's skin conductance (SC) was monitored during the experiment, and they had been rated by two teachers on a new scale of affect expression developed from Jones' externalizer/internalizer distinction. High communication accuracy was associated with low SC responding. Rated expressiveness was associated with high communication accuracy and low SC responding. Sex differences appeared in the pattern of relations between the affect expression scale and the measures of communication accuracy and SC response.
141 citations
TL;DR: It was observed that both groups' accuracy improved when given multiple-choice alternatives to select from as contrasted to their open-ended free responses; this was especially true for the schizophrenic group.
Abstract: This study investigated accuracy of judgment as to posed facial expressions and nonverbal scenes of various emotions. Ss were 16 male and 16 female chronic schizophrenics and a normal control group of equal size and sex composition. The results revealed that normal Ss were significantly more accurate than schizophrenics in identifying emotions from both posed photographs of the face and nonverbal videotape scenes. S sex was not found to affect differentially the schizophrenic or normal Ss' response accuracy to both the photographs and videotapes. Further, it was observed that both groups' accuracy improved when given multiple-choice alternatives to select from as contrasted to their open-ended free responses; this was especially true for the schizophrenic group. Teaching patients to identify and practice expressing discrete emotions was suggested.
119 citations
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that "aggressive" facial expressions were associated with persistent attempts by the expressers to maintain access to the disputed object, while "nonaggressive" expressions were relatively hesitant about making a new attempt to take the object from the expresser.
Abstract: 72 pairs of kindergarten children were each given a brief play session involving an object with which only 1 child could play at a time. Facial expressions used by children defending their possession of the object were studied. Results showed a relationship between the facial expressions a child used and both his own subsequent behavior and that of his partner. "Agressive" facial expressions were associated with persistent attempts by the expressers to maintain access to the disputed object. Percipients of aggressive expressions were relatively hesitant about making a new attempt to take the object from the expresser. 1 nonaggressive expression was also followed by percipient hesitancy. The relationship of the aggressive expressions to both primate threat displays and human facial expressions of emotion is discussed.
83 citations
TL;DR: The ethological approach led to the development of a large catalogue of facial/vocal behaviour which was used in the systematic observation of 75 girl and boy infants, who in the last quarter of the first year of life were placed in a series of standardized laboratory situations.
54 citations
Patent•
12 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the sequence of facial expressions can be selected by activating a flash tube at the proper time to project the image on the face of a featureless mannequin to cause the sequence to correspond to spoken phonemes which are synchronized with the facial expressions.
Abstract: An image animation apparatus includes a rotating disk having film negatives mounted around its periphery each film negative having a different facial expression on it. By use of an associated microprocessor which responds to certain control inputs the sequence of facial expressions can be selected by activating a flash tube at the proper time to project the image on the face of a featureless mannequin to cause the sequence of facial expressions to correspond to spoken phonemes which are synchronized with the facial expressions. Alternatively, instead of a rotating disk a matrix of optical cells can be selectively flashed. In addition, the image forming film negative associated with each optical cell can either contain a complete facial expression or a portion such as the eyes, mouth or eyebrows with the simultaneous activation of, for example, three cells producing a complete facial expression.
43 citations
01 Jun 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, blind subjects were provided with an auditory "mirror" of their facial activity by transducing myoelectric signals from facial muscles into sound, defined primarily by involvement of the zygomaticus, the frontalis, and the corrugator, respectively.
Abstract: Five blind subjects were provided with an auditory "mirror" of their facial activity by transducing myoelectric signals from facial muscles into sound. Expressions of happiness, surprise, and anger were defined primarily by involvement of the zygomaticus, the frontalis, and the corrugator, respectively. These muscles were connected through separate voltage-controlled oscilllators to separate loudspeakers, such that each muscle activated a different speaker. Motion pictures taken before and after training were assembled in random order and were shown to preselected judges who attempted to identify the expressions. The judges were correct significantly more often on the posttraining expressions. Appropriateness and adequacy of expressions, as rated by the judges, also improved significantly as a result of training.
32 citations
TL;DR: Zivin et al. as discussed by the authors found that children make a facial gesture that shares some appearance and contextual settings with nonhuman primates' dominance-related threat stares, and that children frequently direct this facial gesture to higher ranks, and by elementary years, facial gestures of top-ranked children become less obvious in context and style.
Abstract: ZIVIN, GAIL. On Becoming Subtle: Age and Social Rank Changes in the Use of a Facial Gesture. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1977, 48, 1314-1321. Children make a facial gesture that shares some appearance and contextual settings with nonhuman primates' dominance-related threat stares. This report, using data from videotaped naturalistic interactions and peers' hierarchy rankings of 23 4to 5-year-olds and 26 7to 10-year-olds, confirms that higher-ranking children make more of these faces than lower-ranking ones (r = .15, N.S., for preschoolers; r .36, p < .05, for elementary aged). It traces 2 developmental trends that differ from nonhuman primates' distributions of threat stares: (1) children frequently direct this facial gesture to higher ranks, and (2) by elementary years, facial gestures of top-ranked children become less obvious in context and style. This last point suggests that the top older children stylistically adapt their continued indications of challenge to cultural prohibitions, while their lower-ranking peers have not yet integrated their challenges into subtle presentations. Sex differences appeared in preponderantly high rankings for males and in each sex overrating itself, but gesture frequency and increased subtlety followed rank for both sexes.
TL;DR: In this article, a total of 36 preschool children were presented with videotapes of their own and unknown mothers interacting with strange and familiar people, and they were able to guess correctly whether their own mother was interacting with a friend or a stranger (of the same or opposite sex).
Abstract: ABRAMOVITCH, RONA. Children's Recognition of Situational Aspects of Facial Expression. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1977, 48, 459-463. 2 experiments were done in which a total of 36 preschool children were presented with videotapes of their own and unknown mothers interacting with strange and familiar people. They saw only the mother's face and upper torso, with no sound. The children were able to guess correctly whether their own mother was interacting with a friend or a stranger (of the same or opposite sex). However, they were not successful with respect to videotapes of unknown mothers. Adults (20 in the first experiment and 14 in the second) were presented with the same videotapes and were successful in discriminating interactions with friends versus strangers. The results are discussed in terms of ability to recognize situational as well as affective or emotional aspects of facial expressions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the cooperative conditioning method for investigation of nonverbal sending and receiving ability has proven to be a useful tool for probing nonverbal signaling in the monkey, and the results reveal that this method is sensitive to differences in nonverbal abilities of Ss.
Abstract: Summary The cooperative conditioning method for investigation of nonverbal sending and receiving ability has proven to be a useful tool for probing nonverbal signaling in the monkey. The present experiment was developed to adapt cooperative conditioning principles to study nonverbal signaling in man. Ss were 10 (eight male and two female) junior medical students; each S served as both a “stimulus” and a “responder” to all other Ss. Ss' facial expressions were videotaped while they attempted to solve a task involving a “slot machine.” The tapes were then shown to responders who utilized only expressive cues of the stimulus S to solve the slot machine task. Data reveal that this method is sensitive to differences in nonverbal abilities of Ss. Physiological responses obtained during the stimulus and responder phases of the experiment indicated that the responses were related to both expressiveness and ability to decode the expressions of others.
TL;DR: In this paper, the natural development of facial expressions, limb gestures and whole body movements for the purpose of interpersonal communications in young children is discussed, and the role of body movements in such communication is discussed.
Abstract: Summary Specialized body movements are universally employed to convey information between individuals and groups across some distance, near or far. The natural development of facial expressions, limb gestures and whole body movements, for the purpose of interpersonal communications in young children, is briefly discussed.
01 Mar 1977
TL;DR: It is felt that muscle transfers give only minor advantages over static suspension operations.
Abstract: With a careful postoperative training program in physiotherapy we tried to achieve automatic facial activity after muscle transfer in facial palsy. In a primary stage of exercises voluntary control of the new function was achieved in all cases. The second stage in which we tried to bring these newly learned movements to a state of automatic function in normal facial expression was not successful. Therefore we feel that muscle transfers give only minor advantages over static suspension operations.
TL;DR: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of schizophrenics in classifying pictures of various facial expressions and found that schizophrenics were able to classify them almost as well as normals.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of schizophrenics in classifying pictures of various facial expressions. Schizophrenics were divided into five groups according to the duration of their hospitalization. In the first experiment, subjects were instructed to look at the pictures of three different kinds of facial expressions, anger, delight (laughing) and sadness (crying), and classify them into any categories they like. In comparison with normals, schizophrenics had a difficulty in recognizing the differences in the various facial expressions. In the second experiment, subjects were instructed to look at the same pictures and classify them into three groups of different facial expressions. In this case, schizophrenics were able to classify them almost as well as normals.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: To study the facial expression of emotions with the autonomic changes arising in the human subject in a definite emotional state, a method of intentional reproduction of emotions by imagining an emotionally tinted situation was used.
Abstract: The facial expression is an important objective indicator of the state of human emotions. Unlike most autonomic responses, from which only the degree of emotional stress but not its quality can be judged, facial expression, as a medium for nonverbal social communication, is highly specific [3]. However, man can control his facial expression voluntarily and thereby hide his true emotional state. That is why it appeared very interesting to compare the facial expression of emotions with the autonomic changes arising in the human subject in a definite emotional state. To study this problem a method of intentional reproduction of emotions by imagining an emotionally tinted situation [i, 2] was used.
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: A number of different theories now implicitly (and sometimes explicitly) suggest that an emotion has three components: the neural, the expressive (mainly facial), and the experiential as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A number of different theories now implicitly (and sometimes explicitly) suggest that an emotion has three components: the neural, the expressive (mainly facial), and the experiential. Further, an increasing number of investigators in personality and social psychology, and practitioners in psychiatry and clinical psychology have been placing emphasis on the importance of the expressive component of emotion. There are a number of reasons for this emphasis. The face is the supreme center for sending and receiving social signals that are crucial for development of the individual, interpersonal communication, and the cohesiveness of the family and society.