Showing papers on "Identity (social science) published in 1975"

Masculinity?Femininity: Current and alternative paradigms

Abstract: Six areas of research in developmental and personafity psychology concerning sex-typed traits, attitudes, and interests are identified as elements of a common "masculinity-femininity" paradigm needing reexamination. The masculinity- femininity paradigm is defined in relationship to Money and Ehrhardt's model for gender identity differentiation and dimorphism. The six lines of research in the masculinity-femininity paradigm are then briefly critically examined: (1) the measurability of masculinity-femininity as a trait, (2) the identification model of masculinity-femininity development, (3) the keffects of father absence on boys, {4) correlates of masculinity-femininity in life adjustment, (5) cross-sex identity in males, and (6) sex role identity problems in black males. The empirical and conceptual problems in each line of research are explored, and are substantial enough to suggest the need for alternate paradigms. Two alternate models for masculinity-femininity development are briefly sketched. First, masculinity- femininity development is analogized to moral development, as a phasic process ideally leading to sex role transcendence and androgyny. Second, the acquisition of masculinity-femininity is analogized to language acquisition, as a highly symbol-dependent learning process contingent upon the interaction between an innate acquisition apparatus and a corpus of observed sex role behavior. In recent years, our understanding of the development of sex role identity, and its variant constructs, has undergone revolutionary rethinking. There is little question that the most significant source of this rethinking is the research of John Money and his co-workers since 1955, recently summarized by Money and Ehrhardt (1972). The goal of this article is to review six areas which have consti- tuted the major body of research in developmental and personality psychology

Children's Concepts of How People Get Babies.

Abstract: BERNSTEIN, ANNE C., and COWAN, PHILIP A. Children's Concepts of How People Get Babies. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1975, 46, 77-91. 20 boys and girls at each of 3 age levels (3-4, 7-8, 11-12) were given a newly constructed interview focusing on their concepts of how people get babies (social causality). They were also given Piaget-type tasks assessing physical conservation-identity (Clay), physical causality (Origin of Night), and a new social identity task (Lemke 1973). Performance on all tasks systematically increased with age, intercorrelations were high, and children tended to perform at the same absolute cognitive level on each task. Children's concepts of how people get babies appears to follow a Piagetian developmental sequence embedded in a matrix of social and physical causality and identity concepts. There also appears to be a consistent developmental lag in which physical causality precedes physical conservation-identity, which in turn precedes social identity: the Origin of Babies appears to be the most developmentally difficult of the 4 tasks. A qualitative analysis supported Piaget's interactive theory of development. Sex information is not simply taken in by children; it is assimilated (transformed) to the child's present cognitive level.

The “Silent Revolution,” Value Priorities, and the Quality of Life in Britain*

Abstract: Inglehart's “Silent Revolution” thesis is examined critically through an analysis of an experimental British survey of subjective attitudes toward the “quality of life.” Inglehart's techniques were replicated to identify “Acquisitive” and “Post-bourgeois” types. It was found that whilst those holding to “postbourgeois” values possessed the demographic characteristics and the political dispositions predicted by Inglehart's thesis, on other highly relevant measures of values choices the postbourgeois group revealed attitudes similarly or even more “acquisitive” than the “Acquisitives.” Discussion is critical of the Maslovian assumptions of Inglehart's model and proposes instead an interpretation of the postbourgeois phenomenon based upon identity and status discrepancies.

You Can't Hack It Little Girl: A Discussion of the Covert Psychological Agenda of Modern Combat Training

Abstract: The psychological experiences of combat training may be understood as having three interlocking components: the acceptance of psychological control, the equation of masculine identity with military performance, and the equation of the entire military mission with raw agression. These processes produce individuals with a well-honed emotional edge. The consequences both immediate and delayed of placing such individuals in a situation as ambiguous and frustrating as the Vietnam War are cause for grave concern.

Clonal growth of Hodgkin cells

Abstract: ALTHOUGH several cell types derived from biopsies of patients with Hodgkin's disease have been grown in vitro1,2, there has been no convincing experimental evidence for the identity and origin of such cells. We wish to present data demonstrating clonal and continuous proliferation of Hodgkin cells, their relationship to Reed–Sternberg cells and their probable origin from B lymphocytes.

Thomas Reid's Inquiry and essays

Abstract: Introduction Making the Lives of Transsexual People Visible: Addressing the Politics of Social Erasure Sex Change, Social Change: Reflections on Identity and Institutions Transsexuals Behind Bars Beyond Image Content: Examining Transsexuals' Access to the Media Inclusive Pedagogy in the Women's Studies Classroom: Teaching the Kimberly Nixon Case Statement for Social Service Agencies and Transsexual/Transgendered Organisations on Service Delivery to Transsexual and Transvestite Prostitutes Interview with Mirha-Soleil Ross Against Transgender Rights: Understanding the Imperialism of Contemporary Transgender Politics Conclusion.

Identity Status and Interpersonal Style.

Abstract: A group of 22 undergraduates at a large Midwestern state university were interviewed to determine their "identity states," i.e., identity foreclosure, identity diffusion, identity moratorium, moratorium-diffusion, or identity achievement. A distinctive interpersonal style, both toward peers and toward authority, was associated with each identity status. For example, the identity foreclosed people were talkative, compliant toward authority, and covetous of the regard of peers; the identity moratorium people were rebellious toward authority and counterdependent toward peers. The significance of these findings for a theory of identity development is discussed.

Relationship among ego identity status, field-independence, and traditional femininity.

Abstract: Fifty-five senior college women were given an ego identity status interview, two measures of field-independence (the Embedded Figures Test and figure drawings), and the Gough Femininity Scale. A significant relationship was found between ego identity status and field-independence, as measured by the EFT. Women in those identity statuses defined by occupational, ideological, and sexual commitment (Achievement and Foreclosure) were significantly more field-independent than women in those statuses which were not committed to elements of psychosocial identity (Moratorium and Diffusion). There was a trend toward a significant relationship between ego identity status and traditional femininity. No relationship was found between field-independence and traditional femininity.

Professions, Work and Careers

Abstract: Professions, Work and Careers addresses some of the central themes that preoccupied the eminent sociologist Anselm Strauss. This collection is directed at sociologists concerned with the development of theory and graduate and undergraduate students in the sociology of work and the sociology of medicine. His approach is both thematic and topical.Straus examines organization, profession, career, and work, in addition to related matters such as socialization, occupational identity, social mobility, and professional relationships, all in a social psychological context. Because medicine is considered by many to be the prototype profession, Strauss effectively illustrates many of the points by allusion to nurses, chemists, hospitals, wards, and terminal care. The progression of ideas in these essays are a befitting source for the study of structure, interaction and process, other themes that occupied Strauss in his other research enterprises.As Irving Louis Horowitz noted at the time of Anselm Strauss's death in 1996: "Anselm was and remained a social psychologist of a special sort. He appreciated that what takes place in the privacy of our minds translates into public consequences for the social fabric. His statements on personal problems are invariably followed in quick succession by intensely sociological essays on close awareness, face-to-face interaction, and structured interactions. The subtext distinguishes sociological from psychiatric conventions, seeing everything from daydreams to visions in interactionist frames rather than as pathology. The implications of his explorations into the medical profession are stated gently, but carry deep ramifications, for the act of people treating each other compassionately, not less than professionally, is also an act of awareness. Treating the human person as a creature of dignity, when generalized, becomes the basis for constructing human society."The late Anselm Strauss was a pioneer in bridging the gap between theory and data in sociology. This collection of his works, available in paperback for the first time, will be a valuable resource for professionals and students interested in grounded social theory.Anselm L. Strauss was professor of sociology and chairman of the graduate program in sociology, University of California, San Francisco. He is the author of numerous books including Creating Sociological Awareness and editor of Where Medicine Fails, both published by Transaction.

Monumental function in British Neolithic burial practices

Abstract: The basic contention of this paper is that the monumental mound aspect is not invariable in Neolithic chambered tombs, and that its function is not identical with that of the burial area proper. An assignment of linked roles for components within a planned long‐term concept is substituted for a multi‐period explanation. The fundamental identity of megalithic and non‐megalithic practice is emphasized, and a context provided for the emergence of chamber burial in Neolithic societies.

W, or the Memory of Childhood

Abstract: Combining fiction and autobiography in a quite unprecedented way, Georges Perec leads the reader inexorably towards the horror that lies at the origin of the post-World War Two world and at the crux of his own identity.

Social Identity and the Recoding of Reality: Its Relevance for Cross-Cultural Psychology

Abstract: A methodological development in a current research program for the cross-cultural study of subjective identity is presented. The Associative Network Analysis (ANA) permits an idiographic exploration of cognitive mapping; it consists in generating the associative structure linked to various aspects of the individual's phenomenal world including the Self. Categorisation of social identity elements are seen as the result of recoding processes through which experience is transformed into images and thoughts and selectively stored in long term memory. Recoding rules expressing a link between individual values, strivings and perception of the external world can be determined.

Two cases of children of homosexuals.

Abstract: The literature is reviewed with reference to parental attitudes related to homosexuality, sex role typing, and object choice Two cases of children of opposite-sexed homosexual parents are presented with projective testing indicating difficulties with gender role identity It is our impression that the manifestation of sexual conflict in these homosexual parents expressed in attitudes and behavior toward the child is not unique and does not differ significantly from that of the heterosexual parent who has sexual conflicts More long-term data are necessary to help us understand the influences of parental homosexuality on the growing child

Ethnic Self-Identity and Self-Understanding:

Abstract: tively large groups of people. They also must know something about the organization of work in the institutions they serve, as well as personnel planning and personnel policies. While a superficial understanding of emotional problems and psychotherapy is useful in some aspects of their work, such as dealing with alcoholic employees, who pose as significant a problem in Colombian industry as they do in the United States, those who are educated as treatment-oriented social workers in the United States find few markets for their skills in Colombia. This is because nearly half of the social work positions in Colombia are labor-oriented and require a different kind of competence. Governmental programs do not generally involve social workers in the kinds of intensive therapy with individuals and groups often encountered in United States agencies.

Identity and name changes.

Abstract: The theoretical literature as well as case material presented point to the intimate relationship of name changes to identity struggles. Names have strong affective value and symbolize an important part of a person's identity. The cultural and social value of a name may be secondary to the personal meaning of that name to the individual who in changing it will reveal an inner change in his sense of identity or an inability to integrate a diffuse sense of identity. The answer to "what's in a name?" may be "Identity's in a name."

Is There a Quest for Identity

Abstract: It is widely assumed that people today experience an imperative quest for identity, and that altruism and work have been displaced as credible routes to self-discovery by the abandonment of inhibition and the attainment of intimacy. A preliminary examination of these premises is made through questions included in a survey of adults in the Los Angeles metropolitan area and in questionnaires administered to students at UCLA, two Australian universities, and one British university. Very few adults in Los Angeles, even in the youngest and most highly educated brackets, acknowledge any preoccupation with the question, “Who am I really?,” though most university students in the four samples do. Both adults and students endorse altruism most frequently, impulse-release least frequently, and intimacy with intermediate frequency as routes to self-discovery. They differ most in their evaluation of work as a medium for self-discovery. All observations apply only to a self-conscious search for identity.

Race, power and white siege cultures

Abstract: A group's awareness of its own particular ‘identity (racial, cultural, ethnic, etc) is heightened when it competes with other groups for power, privilege and resources It is especially when a group (be it a dominant or subordinate group) perceives its culture threatened that it mobilizes its resources, articulates its beliefs and organizes its followers to assure its cultural survival When its protective efforts are blocked or stymied, the group is transformed into what Smelser terms a ‘value‐oriented movement’ It becomes a culture under siege, and its development closely follows those characteristics and stages of collective behaviour that Smelser identifies Continued stress or threats to a siege culture also lead to the transformation of the group's beliefs into what Rokeach identifies as a ‘closed belief system,’ characterized by dogmatic beliefs and, among its members, highly rigid and intolerant forms of behaviour Where a group's racial beliefs are threatened, the group is readily transformed i

Another look at the "fever and ague" of western Oregon.

Abstract: There has been some question about the identity of the illness variously called "fever and ague" or "intermittent fever" which appeared among the Indians of the lower Columbia and Willamette Valleys in the early 1830's. After a review of available evidence, this paper concludes that the disease was malaria and attempts a reconstruction of the events surrounding its appearance. Identification of fever and ague as malaria facilitates the formation of certain hypotheses about the epidemic's interaction with particular aspects of the native Chinookan and Kalapuyan cultures.