Showing papers on "Intellectual history published in 1987"

Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century

Abstract: Since its publication in 1989, "Console and Classify" has become a classic work in the history of science and in French intellectual history. Now with a new afterword, this much-cited and much-discussed book gives readers the chance to revisit the rise of psychiatry in nineteenth-century France, the shape it took and why, and its importance both then and in contemporary society. "Goldstein has raised our understanding of the politics of psychiatric professionalization on to a new plane."-Roy Porter, "Times Higher Education Supplement" "[A]n historiographical tour de force, quite simply the most insightful work on the subject in English or any other language. . . . [A] work of distinctive originality. . . . It is written with lucidity and elegance, even a certain confident scholarly panache, that make it a pleasure to read."-Toby Gelfand, "Social History" "Exhaustively researched, elegantly written, and persuasively argued, "Console and Classify" is an excellent example of the . . . sociologically informed intellectual history, stimulated by Kuhn and Foucault."-Robert Alun Jones, "American Journal of Sociology"

An Introduction to the Historiography of Science

Abstract: This book introduces the methodological and philosophical problems with which modern history of science is concerned, offering a comprehensive and critical review through description and evaluation of significant historiographical viewpoints. Incorporating discussion of key problems in general historical writing, with examples drawn from a range of disciplines, this non-elementary introduction bridges the gap between general history and history of science. Following a review of the early development of the history of science, the theory of history as applied to science history is introduced, examining the basic problems which this generates, including problems of periodisation, ideological functions, and the conflict between diachronical and anachronical historiography. Finally, the book considers the critical use, and analysis, of historical sources, and the possibility of the experiemental reconstruction of history. Aimed primarily at students, the book's broad scope and integration of historical, philosophical and scientific matters will interest philosophers, sociologists and general historians, for whom there is no alternative introduction to the subject at this level.

Post-structuralism and the question of history

Abstract: Introduction: posing the question Geoff Bennington and Robert Young Part I. History, Marxism and the Institution: 1. Demanding history Geoff Bennington 2. Speculations on reading Marx: after reading Derrida Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 3. Texts in history: the determinations of readings and their texts Tony Bennett 4. Criticism and institutions: the American university Jonathan Culler Part II. Difference and History: 5. History traces Marian Hobson 6. Derrida and Foucault: writing the history of historicity Ann Wordsworth 7. The practice of historical investigation Mark Cousins Part III. Aesthetics and History: 8. Of aesthetic and historical determination Rodolphe Gashe 9. The sign of history Jean-Francois Lyotard Part IV. History as Text: 10. Language as history/history as language: Saussure and the romance of etymology Derek Attridge 11. Fallen differences, phallogocentric discourses: losing Paradise Lost to history Mary Nyquist 12. Ezra Pound: the erasure of history Maud Ellmann 13. The phonograph in Africa: international phonocentrism from Stanley to Sarnoff William Pietz Notes on the contributors Index.

Schools & scholars in fourteenth-century England

Abstract: William Courtenay provides a comprehensive account of educational structure and intellectual life in fourteenth-century England. Arguing that the two decades between 1320 and 1340 merit recognition as a golden age of English scholasticism, he examines the achievements of this period, their origins, and their adoption throughout continental Europe. He depicts an institutional setting, centered on Oxford but including cathedral and mendicant schools elsewhere, that rewarded not slavish obedience to school traditions but innovations in logic, mathematics, physics, and theology. He then analyzes the second half of the century, when thinkers like Wyclif moved toward more evangelical writing, when law outstripped theology in popularity at Oxford, and when courtly society replaced the schools as the major influence on English culture.Anticipating aspects of the sixteenth century, England after 1360 experienced an increase in lay literacy and a wider audience for biblical study, sermons, devotional treatises, and vernacular literature. The scope of Professor Courtenay's study of this transition from the world of Ockham to the world of Chaucer makes it of interest not only as a contribution to late medieval intellectual history but also as background for the study of Middle English literature.

Psychology in Twentieth-Century Thought and Society

Abstract: These 12 essays, prepared by specialists in intellectual history, history of science, and psychology, focus on the social and cultural history of the discipline with an emphasis on ideas and institutions. Topics include the structure of psychological research and the role of women.

Sex and the emergence of sexuality.

Abstract: Some years ago a collection of historical and philosophical essays on sex was advertised under the slogan: Philosophers are interested in sex again. Since that time the history of sexuality has become an almost unexceptionable topic, occasioning as many books and articles as anyone would ever care to read. Yet there are still fundamental conceptual problems that get passed over imperceptibly when this topic is discussed, passed over, at least in part, because they seem so basic or obvious that it would be time badly spent to worry too much about them. However, without backtracking toward this set of problems, one will quite literally not know what one is writing the history of when one writes a history of sexuality. An excellent example of some of the most sophisticated current writing in this field can be found in Western Sexuality, a collection of essays that resulted from a seminar conducted by Philippe Aries at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in 1979-80.1 As one would expect, Western Sexuality is characterized by a diversity of methodological and historiographical approaches--social history, intellectual history, cultural history (which one historian I know refers to as the history of bad ideas), historical sociology, the analysis of literary texts, and that distinctive kind of history practiced by Michel Foucault and also in evidence in the short essay by Paul Veyne. One perspective virtually absent from this collection

The cameralists: A public choice perspective

Abstract: We think that cameralism offers much interesting material to public choice scholars. Treated purely as a matter of intellectual history, cameralist thought reflects an integrated treatment of considerations that today are commonly apportioned among the disciplines of economics, political science, and public administration. The unified cameralist perspective centered on the theory and practice of statecraft should surely be congenial to public choice scholars. But there is also much opportunity for scholarship on the economic and political history of the German states during the cameralist period. While we have suggested that the various German states constituted what might be considered a competitive industry in the provision of collective services, comparatively little is known about how the various economic and political processes actually operated during this period. For instance, rules of dynastical succession surely conflict with the competitive model; there is little dynastical succession in economic life. Our quick, and far from complete reading of the history suggests that there may have been much less dynastical succession than is commonly believed, and that the management of states changed hands more frequently than commonly thought.1 But we have little solid evidence to offer about this; we do think, though, that public choice scholarship could bring many valuable insights to bear on this period. Indeed, the various writers within the German Historical School have in many cases left a rich legacy concerning political economy to which public choice scholars could bring valuable perspectives and fresh questions.

The Founding of the Journal of the History of Philosophy

Abstract: THE JOURNAL ORIGINATED in an action taken at the fifty-fourth meeting of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association in December 1957. The Eastern Division approved in principle \"the establishment of a journal devoted to the history of philosophy and the appointment of a committee to explore ways and means to this end. ''~ In selecting members to serve on this special committee, the Eastern Division recognized a general interest of the whole membership of the A.P.A. in the proposed undertaking. Accordingly, the \"Special Committee of the Eastern Division to Investigate the Establishment of the Journal of the History of Philosophy\" was composed to afford equal representation from each of the three divisions. Appointed on March 3, 1958, the committee had the following membership: Eastern Division: Paul O. Kristeller and Gregory Vlastos (Chairman) Western Division: Richard P. McKeon and Julius R. Weinberg Pacific Division: John D. Goheen and Edward W. Strong The special committee never met as a committee for the simple reason that no funds were made available for this purpose. Professor Vlastos noted this fact in the first sentence of his report to the fifty-fifth meeting of the Eastern Division in December 1958, but added that \"We have, however, engaged in frequent and copious correspondence, and are able to report our findings at this time.\" The report stated:

Of what is history of psychology a history

Abstract: The British Psychological Society having established a ‘Philosophy and History’ section, a fresh look at the nature of the History of Psychology is called for. In this paper, I would like to make a contribution to this by raising some conundrums which have yet to be adequately addressed. First, though, what has happened in the History of Psychology so far? Psychologists have been writing histories of their discipline since the turn of the century; Baldwin's History of Psychology appeared in 1913, for example, and the first volume of G. S. Brett's trilogy of the same title in 1912, a year which also saw Dessoir's Outlines of the History of Psychology translated into English. This early work was clearly aimed at providing a respectable genealogy for the nascent discipline; only about a fifth of Baldwin's work actually deals with experimental or empirical Psychology dating from later than the mid-nineteenth century, while Brett treats scientific approaches virtually as a coda to a survey of the history of the philosophy of mind. Psychology is presented as the legitimate heir to the main western philosophical tradition, sired on it, so to speak, by physiologists such as Helmholtz, Muller and Broca. In 1929, E. G. Boring published the first edition of his A History of Experimental Psychology, which dominated the field for decades along with Gardner Murphy's Historical Introduction of Modern Psychology of 1928, a lighter weight work but with a somewhat broader range, which served as an introductory text. Both went into subsequent editions, the latter as recently as 1972 (much enlarged). The series The History of Psychology in Autobiography, begun in 1930 and now in its seventh volume (1980), contains professional autobiographies by the ageing eminent of varying levels of self-disclosure, wit and informative value. It is not, however, until the 1960s that a self-conscious sub-discipline calling itself ‘History of Psychology’ emerges within Psychology, being pioneered by the late R. I. Watson in the United States. New histories begin appearing, including Kantor's very positivistic The Scientific Evolution of Psychology Vol. 1 of 1963 and Hearnshaw's A Short History of British Psychology of 1964. In 1965, the Journal for the History of the Behavioral Sciences was started, formally signalling the arrival of the new sub-discipline on the scene. Subsequent events warrant a more critical appraisal.

History and Historians: A Historiographical Introduction

Abstract: This concise volume presents a thorough and comprehensive overview of Western historical thinking from ancient times to the present History and Historians surveys the main issues and problems in historiography, philosophy of history, and historical methods, achieving balanced coverage and making these areas accessible to readers at all levels Revised to encompass recent events, the Third Edition incorporates numerous new examples selected for their ability to illustrate central themes

‘History of Crime’ or ‘History of Sin’? — Some Reflections on the Social History of Early Modern Church Discipline

Abstract: The German reader is used to the existence of academic schools of thought who, whether young or old, at conferences or with the publication of collections of essays are mainly concerned with purity of theory rather than plurality of scholarly opinion. For that reason the book Crime in England 1550–1800 is particularly impressive,’ for here the procedure is the complete opposite. The editor, Professor Cockburn, and his ten co-authors invited a historian of great integrity to write the introduction to their publication; they could be certain that he would carefully examine the methodological and theoretical approach of the ‘Social History of Criminality’, then still in its infancy, and scrutinise its first substantial results with regard to their general historical soundness. And Geoffrey Elton — for it was he who had been asked to write the introduction — was prepared to check and critically comment on the evidence, argumentation and conclusions of a line of research which is altogether contrary to his own understanding of the historian’s task and method.2 The contributors and the editor in his introduction obviously agreed on the maxim that ‘it is by isolating and correcting error that progress comes, and in the very difficult region of historical inquiry … the practitioner need not object to having traps and pitfalls pointed out to him’.3

Philosophy, The Federalist, and the Constitution

Abstract: In 1787, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison wrote The Federalist to rally support for the ratification of the Constitution of the United States. In spite of the pragmatic intentions of the authors, they often implicitly expressed themselves in philosophical language, drawing from the major philosophers of their day, notably Locke and Hume. In this book, Morton White presents the first synoptic view of the major philosopical ideas in The Federalist. Using the tools of philosophy and intellectual history, he examines the theories and disciplines used in different degrees by the founding fathers in defence of the Constitution. 'Thoroughly researched and carefully argued; this is an important book.'The Library Journal

Catholics, Anglicans, and Puritans: Seventeenth-Century Essays

Abstract: "Renaissance Essays," published in 1985, confirmed Hugh Trevor-Roper's reputation as one of the most distinguished writers of history and as an unequaled master of the historical essay. Received with critical acclaim in both England and the United States, the volume gathered wide-ranging essays on both British and European history from the fifteenth century to the early seventeenth centuries. This sequel, "Catholics, Anglicans, and Puritans," is composed of five previously unpublished essays on the intellectual and religious movements which lay behind the Puritan revolution in England and Ireland. The opening essay, a skillful work of historical detection, investigates the strange career of Nicholas Hill. In "Laudianism and Political Power," Trevor-Roper returns to the subject of his first, now classic, book. He analyzes the real significance of the ecclesiastical movement associated with Archbishop Laud and speculates on what might have happened if the Stuarts had not abandoned it. "James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh" deals with a key figure in the intellectual and religious life of his time. A long essay on "The Great Tew Circle" reinstates Lord Falkland as an important influence on the continuity of ideas through the English revolution. The final essay reassesses the political ideology of Milton. English intellectual history, as Trevor-Roper constructs it here for the seventeenth century, is conditioned by its social and political context. Always engaging and fresh, these essays deal with currently interesting historical topics and up-to-date controversies.

Critical Sub/Versions of the History of Philosophical Rhetoric.

Abstract: I think that, as rhetoricians and writing teachers, we will come of age and become autonomous professionals with a discipline of our own only if we can make a psychological break with the literary critics who today dominate the profession of English studies [Already] we've left home in many ways, but we haven't cut the cord For example: We keep trying to find ways to join contemporary literary theory with composition theory -Maxine Hairston, "Breaking Bonds and Reaffirming Our Connections," CCC 36 (1985): 273-74

Islamic Economic Thought

Abstract: The brief reference to Ibn Khaldūn in J. A. Schumpeter’s History of Economic Analysis [1954]1 gives little indication of the respect accorded him in the Muslim world and illustrates the difficulty of getting a coherent picture of Islamic economic thought from the piecemeal treatment it has received in Western literature. To understand the intellectual history of a current of thought developed outside Western culture it will be necessary to examine the contributions of each writer from the point of view of what they have written about questions commonly regarded as economic. However, the unevenness and repetitiveness with which economic subjects are treated in Muslim literature obscures the clarity of a cumulative development of ideas and may lead some to question whether Muslim thought emerges as a current sufficiently representative of commonly accepted economic notions to be included in a general history of economic thought.

Five Early Theories in the Mediaeval Insolubilia-Literature

Abstract: Mediaeval logicians, from at least the second half of the twelfth century, devoted much time and effort to semantic paradoxes of the Liar type ("This sentence is false" or "This sentence is not true"). Such paradoxes were called "insolubilia"-` `insolubles" .1 Despite the term most authors were convinced that it was in fact possible to "solve" such paradoxes; the solution was just very difficult to find.2 It is not surprising, therefore, that we see a wide variety of suggested solutions in the mediaeval literature on this problem.3 It is purpose of this paper to examine and survey such solutions during the early history of that mediaeval literature.

The political psychology of the Federalist.

Abstract: HE Federalist Papers are often treated as a kind of secular scripture, an authoritative statement of how American political institutions work or should work. Even assuming that the authors-Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay-shared the passion for fame they understood so well, they must have succeeded here beyond their wildest dreams. Today, lawyers cite The Federalist in their briefs. Conservatives have treated it as the embodiment of traditional wisdom; liberals have found in it the origins of broker-state pluralism. Most of the scholarship dealing with The Federalist has been written by political scientists, theorists, or commentators whose concerns lead them to inquire into the enduring validity of the papers. Sometimes their judgments are critical but, even then, are based on the assumption that the papers should be evaluated by the standard of their present relevance.' This article is written from the standpoint of intellectual history. It does not seek an accurate description of the American polity, or a normative statement of values we should try to live up to, but an understanding of a document in the context of its age. To extend the metaphor of secular scripture, I propose to locate The Federalist in what biblical scholars call its Sitz im Leben, its original setting in life. As Rudolph Bultmann showed in his great works on the New Testament, scriptures need to be related to

Sartre and 'Les Temps modernes'

Abstract: This is a history of Jean-Paul Sartre's monthly review Les Temps Modernes, an immensely influential publication launched in 1945. The journal set out from the beginning to effect a revolutionary redefinition of psychology, sociology, political theory and anthropology, in order to assist in the socialist transformation of France and the world. Dr Davies is the first author to examine the review from a multidisciplinary viewpoint. The result is a panorama of forty years of French intellectual history, of debate and rivalry informed by and influencing the political struggles of the time - the Cold War, the Algerian revolution, the Gaullist era, May 1968, the Maoism of the 1970s. It is also an important chapter in the biography of Sartre which offers a new sense of the magnitude of his philosophical and moral aspirations and a revaluation of his work and status.

From Topic to Tale: Logic and Narrativity in the Middle Ages

Abstract: From Topic to Tale was first published in 1987. Minnesota Archive Editions uses digital technology to make long-unavailable books once again accessible, and are published unaltered from the original University of Minnesota Press editions.The transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance has been discussed since the 1940s as a shift from a Latinate culture to one based on a vernacular language, and, since the 1960s, as a shift from orality to literacy. From Topic to Tale focuses on this multifaceted transition, but it poses the problem in different terms: it shows how a rhetorical tradition was transformed into a textual one, and ends ultimately in a discussion of the relationship between discourse and society.The rise of French vernacular literacy in the twelfth century coincided with the emergence of logic as a powerful instrument of the human mind. With logic come a new concern for narrative coherence and form, a concern exemplified by the work of Chretien de Troyes. Many brilliant poetic achievements crystallized in the narrative art of Chretien, establishing an enduring tradition of literary technique for all of Europe. Eugene Vance explores the intellectual context of Chretien's vernacular literacy, and in particular, the interaction between the three "arts of language" (grammar, logic, and rhetoric) compromising the trivium. Until Vance, few critics have studied the contribution of logic to Chretiens poetics, nor have they assessed the ethical bond between rationalism and the new heroic code of romance.Vance takes Chretien de Troyes' great romance, Yvain ou le chevalier au lion,as the centerpiece of the Twelfth-Century Renaissance. It is also central to his own thesis, which shows how Chretien forged a bold new vision of humans as social beings situated between beasts and angels and promulgated the symbolic powers of language, money, and heraldic art to regulate the effects of human desire. Vance's reading of the Yvain contributes not only to the intellectual history of the Middle Ages, but also to the continuing dialogue between contemporary critical theory and medieval culture.Eugene Vance is professor of French and comparative literature at Emory University and principal editor of a University of Nebraska series, Regents Studies in Medieval Culture. Wlad Godzich is director of the Center for Humanistic Studies at the University of Minnesota and co-editor of the series Theory and History of Literature.

The Future of the History of Ideas in Africa

Abstract: Let me begin with a caveat: when the topic of this paper was first broached to me by Professor Vansina, I was excited but at a loss as to what exactly it meant or entailed. Not being formally trained in the history of ideas, otherwise known as intellectual history, I wrote back requesting some explanation. Even though this was kindly provided, it did very little to relieve my uneasiness, especially as I recalled H. Stuart Hughes' (1961: 7) caution about writing the history of ideas: "The commonest error of the intellectual historian is to write about things he does not really understand things he has not 'internalized' and thought through for himself." Equally disconcerting was the futurity aspect of the topic which, in traditional African terms, would have prompted a visit to the oracle or diviner. For in times of trouble, that is, when an African is confronted with a seemingly insoluble problem, the tendency would be to seek supernatural intervention. But alas, this is America! Thus I am left to rely so. More seriously, let me emphasize the point that the task at hand is a difficult and ambitious one, at least from a conceptual standpoint. For our purposes, therefore, the approach to the subject is from the "bottom up" instead of from "above," in marked contrast to the conventional practice in this field. As a result, we have posed some fundamental questions, not for the purpose of producing definitive answers but to use as-the framework for our discussion. Accordingly: (1) What, exactly, do we mean by the history of ideas? (2) Whose ideas should we be concerned with? (3) What are the possible sources from which our data will be drawn? (4) What is the scope and objective of this historical exercise?

The Education of Women as Philosophers

Abstract: It is unfortunate that, for reasons of personal and cultural habit, when we think about ourselves as askers of questions, thinkers, or, using the generic title, as philosophers, lovers of wisdom, we think of ourselves as selves. That is, we think: I am thinking-first person singular, one person solitary, an interiority, a mental machine. Of course, it is fortunate that we-women-ever do think of ourselves as thinking; and in this light, the matter of how we do so seems secondary. For there is a great deal in our personal and cultural histories suggesting that thinking is not our province, not our privilege, not even our possibility. So great, indeed, is the weight of prejudice about women's abilities and achievements as thinkers that we often look to the lives of thoughtful women with questions not about how they thought of their thinking but with questions about how they thought at all, how they managed not to be as this great weight of prejudice prescribed. Biographies of women often have about them an air of amazement. They are infused-particularly when they are written by women-with an