Showing papers on "Ixodes ricinus published in 1985"
TL;DR: The first case of Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) acquired in the United States was reported in 1970, and in 1977, the full symptom complex now called Lyme disease was described as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM), the skin lesion characteristic of Lyme disease, was first described in Sweden in 1909; subsequently, cases of ECM have been reported from at least 19 countries on three continents. In Europe cases have occurred within the range of Ixodes ricinus ticks, the recognized vector of ECM in Europe, although one case outside this range has been ascribed to mosquito bites. In 1970 the first case of ECM acquired in the United States was reported, and in 1977, the full symptom complex now called Lyme disease was described. In the United States three geographic areas endemic for Lyme disease are recognized: the coastal areas of the Northeast; Minnesota and Wisconsin in the Midwest; and parts of California, Oregon, and western Nevada in the West. These areas correspond to the recognized distribution of Ixodes dammini in the Northeast and Midwest and Ixodes pacificus in the West. Isolated cases of illness compatible with Lyme disease have, however, been reported from other parts of the United States; this suggests that cases may be more widely distributed than is currently recognized and that other vectors may be involved. Supporting this suggestion is the description in 1982 of Lyme disease in Australia, where none of the currently recognized vectors are known to exist, and the report in 1984 that Ambylomma americanum ticks can harbor the spirochete that causes Lyme disease. The recognition of cases acquired in widely separated parts of the world involving multiple vectors suggests that cases may in the future be diagnosed in additional areas.
137 citations
TL;DR: A carbon dioxide trap designed to capture Ixodes ricinus over periods of up to 7 days is described, which compared favourably with blanket dragging and flagging in areas of high tick density and was also surprisingly efficient for larvae.
Abstract: A carbon dioxide trap designed to captureIxodes ricinus over periods of up to 7 days is described. The trap compared favourably with blanket dragging and flagging in areas of high tick density, particularly on rough ground and for adult ticks; it was also surprisingly efficient for larvae. Ticks appeared to be captured throughout the 7-day trapping period. The maximum attraction distance recorded for adult female ticks was 3.5 m and for nymphs 1.0 m. Trapping rates were influenced by air temperature.
69 citations
TL;DR: Questing individuals of Ixodes ricinus (L.) on a naturally infested moorland in Wales were censused every fortnight from January 1981 to October 1982 by blanket-dragging, and feeding ticks were counted on the sheep hosts.
Abstract: Questing individuals of Ixodes ricinus (L.) on a naturally infested moorland in Wales were censused every fortnight from January 1981 to October 1982 by blanket-dragging, and feeding ticks were counted on the sheep hosts. The seasonal activity patterns for ticks in all three stages were unimodal, with nymphs and adults active between March and July, and larvae active between April and August. This unimodal, as opposed to the usually described bimodal, pattern is explained in terms of the long cold winters and short summers of this field site. The survival time of questing nymphs was calculated from an analysis of their changing lipid content during the activity season to be a maximum of four months, which is consistent with the other field observations. The precise identification of the pattern of activity, as well as being essential for the application of appropriately timed control procedures, is necessary for the interpretation of the tick-host interactions under various control regimes that were applied.
66 citations
TL;DR: The experimental manipulation of separate, but originally identical, populations of Ixodes ricinus by applying three conventional tick control measures in different enclosures on naturally infested moorland in Wales allowed the elements of the tick-host interaction to be analysed quantitatively and the effectiveness of the control methods to be compared.
Abstract: The experimental manipulation of separate, but originally identical, populations of Ixodes ricinus (L.) by applying three conventional tick control measures in different enclosures on naturally infested moorland in Wales allowed the elements of the tick-host interaction to be analysed quantitatively and the effectiveness of the control methods to be compared. From the relationship between the sheep stocking density and the numbers of questing ticks picked up by fortnightly blanket-dragging in each enclosure, the death rate of ticks during their activity season and the rate of contact between sheep and ticks were calculated. From this, it was possible to investigate the effect of different stocking densities on the feeding success of ticks. A major factor determining the much lower contact rate for larvae than for nymphs was the different spatial distribution of questing ticks, clumped for larvae and random for nymphs. The non-random use by sheep of the three different vegetation zones in the paddock resulted in the highest contact rate between sheep and ticks in the pasture area, but tick survival was apparently highest in the bog area. Combining these factors resulted in the prediction that the bracken area was the least favourable habitat for ticks. In the two enclosures where the sheep were not treated with acaricide the mean tick loads on the sheep were similar, but the lower overall use of the pasture by the sheep in the low stocking density enclosure (2/ha) resulted in slightly lower tick loads there compared with those in the high stocking density enclosure (4/ha). The numbers of ticks counted in the second year showed that pasture spelling was the most effective control method, acaricide treatment was less effective, and the benefits of halving the stocking density were marginal. The implications of these results for control strategies are discussed.
50 citations
TL;DR: Using a micro-ELISA test 100 dogs sera were tested with 3 antigens: Babesia canis, Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus, a correlation factor and regression lines were found between ELISA activity of B. canis and vector tick antigen, even for dogs which never showed any babesiosis symptoms.
Abstract: Previous epidemiological studies allowed us to accurately define endemic areas of canine babesiosis and tick distribution in southeastern France (Martinod, 1983). Using a micro-ELISA test 100 dogs sera were tested with 3 antigens: Babesia canis, Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus. Antibodies against B. canis and its vector D. reticulatus were detected in an endemic area, sometimes with high levels (optical density 1.38 and 0.80 respectively). A correlation factor and regression lines were found between ELISA activity of B. canis and vector tick antigens, even for dogs which never showed any babesiosis symptoms. These results were compared with those of an area without any babesiosis. Furthermore L. ricinus antigens detected ELISA activity in sera of dogs; some cross reactions were observed between L. ricinus and D. reticulatus antigen. Babesiosis is a tick borne protozoan blood dis- ease of mammals and birds. In our work we were interested in canine babesiosis which is frequent- ly encountered in southeastern France. In this area, Babesia canis (Piana and Galli Valerio,
45 citations
TL;DR: A comparison of sampling methods showed that the previously observed small size of the spring peak relative to the midsummer peak is not a sampling artifact and is a genuine measure of the prevalence of active larvae.
Abstract: The activity of larvalI. ricinus was studied in the field and on experimental plots in an attempt to determine the origin and population dynamics of larvae at different times of the year. A comparison of sampling methods showed that the previously observed small size of the spring peak relative to the midsummer peak is not a sampling artifact and is a genuine measure of the prevalence of active larvae. It was established that spring-active larvae are derived from spring-fed adults which contribute comparatively few larvae to the midsummer peak. The small size of the spring peak is probably due to relatively poor activation and survival of available larvae at this time. A distinct emergence and activation of larvae, almost certainly derived from autumn-fed adults, was detected in July, which is before the diapause period. Such larvae would be capable of producing spring nymphs and this is probably a major means of transfer of ticks between spring and autumn populations.
26 citations
TL;DR: This new tick species is described from males and females collected on cattle and occasionally on horses in Argentina and Uruguay and is confused with the common European tick, Ixodes ricinus.
Abstract: Ixodes (Ixodes) pararicinus, n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), is described from males and females collected on cattle and occasionally on horses in Argentina and Uruguay. For well over a century this new tick species has been confused with the common European tick, Ixodes ricinus.
19 citations
TL;DR: The clinical features and the laboratory findings warranted a diagnosis of Lyme disease and rise of specific antibody titre against an Ixodes ricinus spirochaete showed activation of the complement system via the classical pathway.
Abstract: We report the case of a 12-year-old girl with erythema chronicum migrans, aseptic meningitis and knee arthralgia. Rise of specific antibody titre against an Ixodes ricinus spirochaete was demonstrated. Circulating immune complexes and high levels of C1r-C1s-C1IA complexes indicating activation of the complement system via the classical pathway were found. The clinical features and the laboratory findings warranted a diagnosis of Lyme disease.
8 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The influence of external factors on virus carriage of Ixodes ricinus ticks in laboratory and in nature was studied and only one nymph was positive for the presence of virus on 120th day after metamorphosis.
Abstract: The influence of external factors on virus carriage of Ixodes ricinus ticks in laboratory and in nature was studied. In laboratory experiment, only one nymph was positive for the presence of virus on 120th day after metamorphosis. The virus titer was 10(2) mouse i.c. LD50/0.03 ml. Transmission experiments were negative. The nymphs were positive on 75th, 111th and 159th day after metamorphosis, always chilling in the field experiment. The titres of virus varied from the lowest detectable amount value to 10(3.6) mouse i.c. LD50/0.03 ml. The transmission of virus was positive in two cases.
6 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The authors emphasize the high prevalence of the two burrow-inhabiting species which are host specific to Carnivora, Pholeoixodes hexagonus and PholeOixodes canisuga, widely distributed in the area and a lower incidence of an other specific tick, Pholesoixode rugicollis.
Abstract: Les Ixodidae (Acariens, Ixodoidea) parasites de carnivores sauvages dans les alpes francaises et leur avant-pays. - From their own collections of tick (Ixodidae) parasites of more than 600 wild Carnivora in the French Alps and their surroundings, the authors emphasize the high prevalence of the two burrow-inhabiting species which are host specific to Carnivora, Pholeoixodes hexagonus and Pholeoixodes canisuga, widely distributed in the area and a lower incidence of an other specific tick, Pholeoixodes rugicollis. Other species are recorded. In Northern French Alps, all are exophilous (Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus); in Southern French Alps, one of them is exophilous (Rhipicephalus turanicus), but others are burrow-inhabiting (Rhipicephalus pusillus and Ixodes ventalloi, rabbits being the preferred hosts), or endophilous ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The Carnivora ixodid fauna is almost the same in Northern Alps and in Eastern France, but it is quite different in the Southern French Alps (mediterranean species being involved). Qualitative and quantitative variations of parasitism related to various carnivorous species have been studied.
6 citations
TL;DR: Les auteurs signalent the presence of spirochetes, sinon identiques du moins tres proches, de Borrelia burgdorferi dans des Ixodes ricinus recoltes pres de Rennes (Bretagne).
Abstract: Resume Les auteurs signalent la presence de spirochetes, sinon identiques du moins tres proches, de Borrelia burgdorferi dans des Ixodes ricinus recoltes pres de Rennes (Bretagne).