Showing papers on "Mixing (process engineering) published in 1975"

Apparatus for mixing a liquid phase with a gaseous phase

Abstract: A vessel is adapted to accommodate a liquid phase containing a nutrient liquid and micro-organisms which are to be aerobically grown. A gaseous phase is admitted into the presence of the liquid phase, and the resulting mixture is advanced to a mixing chamber where it is uniformly mixed by a rotary element having a plurality of baffles extending across the path of the advancing mixture. Additional projections also extend across the path and define constrictions therein with the baffles so that the advancing mixture is thereupon dispersed prior to being expelled into the vessel. The rotary element also has a Venturi-shaped passage provided with a throat which is operative for generating a region of suction when the rotary element is rotated so that the rate of advance of the mixture is accelerated.

Process for dispersing sensitizing dyes

Abstract: Colloidally stable dispersions of a spectral sensitizing dye are formed directly in water without the use of an organic solvent The process of the invention involves mixing the dye particles with water to form a slurry and then homogenizing or milling the slurry at an elevated temperature in the presence of a surfactant to form finely divided particles uniformly dispersed in the water

Apparatus for mixing a basic liquid substance with other media

Abstract: A baffle transforms a pressure stream of basic liquid into an annular flow with a hollow core, filled with another medium. By increasing the pressure in the discharge part of the mixer the liquid and the medium are thoroughly mixed and the mixture introduced into a container, to produce turbulent motion in the bulk of liquid.

Particle‐gas dispersion effects in confined coaxial jets

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the mixing characteristics of two-phase, confined, coaxial jets. Gas composition, gas velocity, and particle mass flux radial profiles were obtained at different axial stations using 20% by weight of 6 or 30 μm spherical aluminum particles in the primary stream. Additional tests were conducted without particles. Radial profiles for gas composition, velocity, and particle flux were correlated using the principle of similarity. In the gas phase, mass mixed more rapidly than momentum, and the 6 μm particles mixed less rapidly than mass or momentum. Systems with low primary density and low secondary velocity mixed most rapidly. An implicit numerical model was developed to predict the rate of mixing of the gas/particle mixture. The model included coupled dynamic and thermal nonequilibrium effects between the gas and solid phases. Comparisons of model predictions and experimental results were good.

Fluid mixing and dispensing system

Abstract: A fluid mixing system and method is disclosed for automatically mixing precise concentrations of photographic processing chemistry to be used in an X-ray film processor. The system produces a fresh batch of mixed solution whenever a previous batch has been reduced to a predetermined minimum volume. A pair of substantially identically constructed mixing units are provided to produce both developer and fixer solutions for film processing. Each unit has: a chemical supply structure for supplying chemicals from containerized supplied; a storage and mixing tank structure which underlies the chemical supply structure and defines a reservoir for mixing the chemistry with water; a water input valve for selectively introducing water under pressure into the tank structure; control apparatus for conditionally controlling operation of the water valve; and a chemical release assembly which is coupled to and actuated by the water valve. The chemical release assembly is operated by the pressure of the water as the water is admitted through the water valve. Operation of the release assembly causes piercing of the containers, allowing the chemistry to drain into the reservoir. The pressurized water creates a swirl for agitating and thoroughly mixing the chemistry and the water.

Food Process Engineering

Abstract: 1 / Introduction.- 2 / Transport Phenomena.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Fluid Dynamics.- 2.2.1. Laminar Flow of Newtonian- and Non-Newtonian Fluids.- 2.2.2. Turbulent Flow Reynolds Number.- 2.2.3. Some Flow Problems.- 2.2.4. Continuous Flow Through Equipment.- 2.3. Heat Transfer.- 2.3.1. Steady State Heat Conduction Heat Conductivity.- 2.3.2. Non-Steady-State Heat Conduction Thermal Diffusivity.- 2.3.3. The Individual Heat Transfer Coefficient ? and the Overall Heal Transfer Coefficient k.- 2.3.4. Heat Transfer with Free Convection.- 2.3.5. Heat Transfer with Condensation and Boiling.- 2.4. Mass Transfer.- 2.4.1. Introduction.- 2.4.2. Steady State Diffusion.- 2.4.3. Non-Steady-State Diffusion.- 2.4.4. Mass Transfer with Forced Convection.- 3 / Mechanical Operations.- 3.1. Handling of Materials.- 3.1.1. Introduction.- 3.1.2. Handling of Solids.- 3.1.2.1. Introduction.- 3.1.2.2. Flow from Silos.- 3.1.2.3. Mechanical Transport.- 3.1.2.4. Pneumatic Transport.- 3.1.2.5. Hydraulic Transport.- 3.1.3. Handling of Liquids.- 3.2. Mixing of Materials.- 3.2.1. Introduction.- 3.2.2. Theory.- 3.2.3. Mixing of Solids.- 3.2.4. Mixing Solids/Liquids.- 3.2.5. Mixing Solid/Gas.- 3.2.6. Mixing of Liquids.- 3.2.7. Mixing Liquid/Gas.- 3.2.8. Mixing of Gases.- 3.3. Size Reduction and Size Enlargement.- 3.3.1. Introduction.- 3.3.2. Size Reduction of Materials.- 3.3.3. Size Enlargement of Materials.- 3.4. Mechanical Separations.- 3.4.1. Introduction.- 3.4.2. Separation of Solids from Liquids.- 3.4.2.1. Introduction.- 3.4.2.2. Sedimentation.- 3.4.2.3. Filtration.- 3.4.2.4. Expressing.- 3.4.2.5. Fat Rendering.- 3.4.3. Separation of Solid/Gas Mixtures.- 3.4.4. Separation of Solids.- 3.4.4.1. Introduction.- 3.4.4.2. Sifting.- 3.4.4.3. Pneumatic and Hydraulic Classification.- 3.4.4.4. Miscellaneous Methods.- 3.4.5. Separation of Liquid/Gas Mixtures.- 3.4.6. Separation of Liquids.- 4 / Physical Operations.- 4.1. Heating and Cooling.- 4.1.1. Introduction.- 4.1.2. Calculation of Heat-Exchanger Performance.- 4.1.3. Heat-Exchanger Selection.- 4.1.4. Process Engineering Aspects.- 4.1.4.1. Heat-Exchanger Size and Efficiency.- 4.1.4.2. Flow-Resistance and Heat-Transfer.- 4.1.4.3. Promotion of Heat-Transfer.- 4.1.4.4. Quick Heating and Cooling.- 4.1.4.5. Uniformity of Heat Treatment.- 4.1.5. Direct Heat Transfer.- 4.1.6. Heating Means and Methods.- 4.1.7. Cooling Means and Methods.- 4.1.8. Condensers.- 4.2. Physical Methods of Food Preservation.- 4.2.1. Introduction.- 4.2.2. Heat Preservation.- 4.2.2.1. Introduction.- 4.2.2.2. Thermobacteriology.- 4.2.2.3. Physical-Technological Aspects.- 4.2.2.4. Process Calculation.- 4.2.2.5. Process Selection.- 4.2.2.6. Technical Aspects.- 4.2.3. Low Temperature Preservation.- 4.2.3.1. Introduction.- 4.2.3.2. Microbiological Aspects.- 4.2.3.3. Changes During Cooling and Cold Storage.- 4.2.3.4. Changes During Freezing and Storage of Frozen Products.- 4.2.3.5. Physical-Technological Aspects.- 4.2.3.6. Technical Aspects.- 4.2.4. Dehydration.- 4.2.4.1. Introduction.- 4.2.4.2. Preservation by Dehydration.- 4.2.4.3. Wateractivity.- 4.2.4.4. Drying of 'Wet' Bodies.- 4.2.4.5. Drying of Solids Containing no Free Water.- 4.2.4.6. Evaporation of Droplets.- 4.2.4.7. Hot-Air Driers.- 4.2.4.8. Thermal Efficiency of Hot-Air Driers.- 4.2.4.9. Contact Drying.- 4.2.4.10. Freeze Drying.- 4.3.1. Introduction.- 4.3.2. Concentration.- 4.3.2.1. General Remarks.- 4.3.2.2. Evaporation.- 4.3.2.3. Freeze Concentration.- 4.3.2.4. Membrane Processes.- 4.3.3. Extraction.- 4.3.3.1. Introduction.- 4.3.3.2. Solid/Liquid Extraction.- 4.3.3.3. Liquid/Liquid Extraction.- 4.3.4. Distillation.- 4.3.5. Crystallization.- 4.3.6. Miscellaneous Separation Methods.- Index of Subjects.

Gas-generating agent for air bag

Abstract: A gas-generating agent for inflating air bags comprises finely divided particles of a co-precipitation compound made by the following steps: (1) uniformly mixing in water to form an aqueous solution a composition comprising (a) one or a mixture of two or more alkali metal azides and/or alkaline earth metal azides and (b) an aqueous solution of a composition comprising one or a mixture of two or more nitrates or perchlorates of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals; or mixing (a) and (b) plus (c) finely divided particles of silicon dioxide; or mixing (a), (b) and (c) plus (d) fine glass powder; (2) mixing the resulting solution or suspension with a water-soluble organic solvent; and (3) separating and drying the co-precipitation compound thus obtained The gas-generating agent will not produce toxic compounds such as sodium metal and sodium peroxide which might injure the car driver and passengers Further, when low softening glass is added, the maximum temperature of combustion will be lowered

Separating organic material from tar sands or oil shale

Abstract: Tar sands and like mineral solids-plus petroleum deposits are separated into a petroleum fraction and a solids fraction by contacting with an organic solvent or diluent (in one or more stages) to give a liquid slurry, providing in the system a small amount of an aqueous agglomerating liquid, mixing and agitating until discrete compact agglomerates of hydrophilic solids form, separating the solid easily-handled agglomerates and recovering the petroleum fraction and solvent or diluent. This process avoids the large volumes of aqueous effluent inherent in the "hot water" and other processes using large amounts of water. The solid agglomerates may be used as clean fill, sintered to aggregate, or modified to serve as soil amendments.

Gasoline-water emulsion

Abstract: A gasoline-water emulsion suitable for use with conventional automobile engines designed to run on gasoline, with only minor modifications of their carburetion system, is formed by mixing gasoline, water and surfactants, including a nonionic ethoxylated alkyphenol, which combine these ingredients into an homogeneous mixture.

Apparatus for producing and packaging food chips

Abstract: Apparatus for use in the automatic stacking and packaging of potato chips made by mixing potato chip flakes and water to create a dough, which dough is then rolled into a sheet and cut into dough chips. After frying, the dough chips are all of substantially the same size and shape such that the apparatus of the application may automatically stack those chips into stacks of identical quantities and wrap those stacks within individual flexible, impermeable wrappers.

Apparatus for treating sewage

Abstract: An apparatus for treating sewage is disclosed. The apparatus includes a modular treating tank which is divided by a perforated baffle or screen into primary and mixing zones. The mixing zone has a curved or semi-spherical end wall. A mixing and aeration system utilizing a high efficiency ejector withdraws liquid from the mixing chamber and directs the recirculated flow toward the primary chamber across the perforated baffle. The effluent from the treating tank is subsequently chemically disinfected by timed, periodic addition of a chemical such as a selected halogen. A recirculating generally oval or circular flow pattern in which liquid is withdrawn from the mixing zone, aerated and directed toward the primary chamber is established. Complete mixing with the incoming sewage occurs in the primary chamber to maintain a uniform concentration of oxygen, feed and purifying organisms throughout the tank volume.

Powder-and-gas vibrating reactor

Abstract: Powdery material flows downwardly along a vibratory spiral conveyor chute, while gas flows counter to the powder, preferably in excess. Mixing ramp arrangements are provided in the chute. These involve inclined ramp surfaces dividing the powder stream into two layers, and provisions for causing the initially uppermost layer to tumble down onto the chute bottom while the initially lowermost layer is still supported on its ramp. The latter then drops down, too, and now becomes the uppermost layer.

Method of separating inorganic material from coal

Abstract: A high proportion of the inorganic materials, (ash) content is removed from coal by providing the coal as a suspension with a liquid hydrocarbon oil, mixing an aqueous agglomerating liquid comprising water with the suspension, mixing a particulate material having a hydrophilic surface that is readily wetted by liquid water with the suspension, agitating the suspension to agglomerate the ash, and then separating the ash from the remainder. The particulate material having a hydrophilic surface may be ash, agglomerated silica flour, coarse silica chips, limestone or peat moss, and a binder for the ash may be dispersed or dissolved in the aqueous agglomerating liquid. In some instances the coal may be initially in the form of an aqueous suspension, and the coal can either be agglomerated from the suspendant by using a portion of the liquid hydrocarbon oil and then adding the remainder, or filtered therefrom and then the filter cake mixed with the liquid hydrocarbon oil.

Apparatus for processing meat material with carbon dioxide

Abstract: Conveyor screws located in side-by-side relationship on fixed, substantially horizontal axes at the bottom of a closed vessel are adapted to be rotated to provide mixing action. Means are provided for continuously supplying the vessel with meat material and with carbon dioxide. There is a discharge outlet in alignment with one of the conveyor screws, so mixed material will be continuously discharged from the vessel.

Method for mixing volatile liquid with non-volatile material

Abstract: A method and apparatus for mixing and feeding a volatile liquid, such as liquid ammonia, with a non-volatile material, such as a fabric finisher; the method comprising the steps of feeding the liquid to a mixing vessel and, by volatilizing a portion of the liquid, cooling the vessel and, while continuing to feed the liquid and after the cooled liquid has reached a predetermined level in the vessel, adding to the liquid a measured amount of non-volatile material, continuing the liquid feed until the liquid level reaches the measured amount, agitating the liquid and material and, as the liquid volatilizes, adding additional of such liquid to maintain the liquid level at the measured amount; the apparatus comprising a mixing tank having a cover, a coolant coil in the mixing tank, first feed means having a valve for feeding a volatile liquid to the tank, second feed means having a valve for feeding a non-volatile material to the tank, a float and switch in the tank for controlling the liquid feed valve, a float and switch in the tank for controlling the non-volatile material feed valve, a discharge line for discharging the mixed material from the tank to a trough in a fabric treatment chamber, a valve in the discharge line, electrical means for opening and closing the valve in the discharge line and for closing the liquid feed valve when the discharge valve is open and closing such liquid feed valve when the discharge valve is open, the floats in the tank opening and closing the liquid feed and material feed valves when the liquid in the tank is at pre-set levels.

Process for the addition of additives to thermoplastics

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for the addition of additives, for instance, heat-stabilizers, anti-oxidants, UV-stabilizers, internal or external lubricants, antistatic agents, antiblocking agents, corrosion-inhibitors, and the like, to thermoplastics, by melting the additive in mineral oil to form a melt and then adding the melt to the processing of thermoplastic resins. By mixing additives with the mineral oil, the additives may be melted or dissolved in the mineral oil at temperatures less than the melting point of said additives.

Automatic liquid mixing device

Abstract: A device for mixing a plurality of liquid components in preselected proportions to form a mixture of the liquid components. The device includes a separate liquid component storage reservoir for each liquid component, a pump, means to successively connect the suction of the pump to each reservoir, and proportioning means to control the switching of the pump suction to each storage reservoir for a short, controlled time interval during each of a series of operating cycles which are repeated throughout the mixing operations.

Device for continuous coating of fibers

Abstract: A device for continuous coating of fibers has a horizontally mounted cylindrical mixing container with an inlet for fibers at one end and an outlet for coated fibers at the other end. The container has a mixing shaft mounted coaxially therewithin, which shaft is driveable at a considerably supercritical speed. The shaft is at least partially hollow and is provided with a glue feed through its interior. In a glue feed zone of the container the shaft is provided with glue agitating elements projecting therefrom and dispensing glue to the ring of fibers formed in the vicinity of the wall of the container. The shaft also has ventilator ridges mounted thereon extending radially outwardly for most of the length of the shaft, which ventilator ridges support mixing tools which extend into the ring of fibers.

Drag reducing composition and method

Abstract: Drag in turbulent aqueous streams is reduced by a powder composition of a finely divided hygroscopic drag reducing powder, for example poly(ethylene oxide), and a colloidal size hydrophobic powder, for example, an organosilicon modified colloidal silica, and an inert filler such as sodium sulphate. The powder composition is injected into the turbulent stream by first mixing the powder with water to form a slurry and immediately thereafter drawing the slurry through an eductor into a recycle stream between the downstream and upstream ends of a pump for the turbulent stream.

Plant for continuous production of explosive containing explosive oil

Abstract: An explosive is produced in a continuous process made up of three stages. The first stage is mixing the solid ingredients of the explosive and transporting it to a mixing station. The second stage is emulsifying nitroglycerine and transporting it to the mixing station where the nitroglycerine is separated from the water and combined with other liquid ingredients. The third stage is the mixing stage where the solid and liquid ingredients are mixed or kneaded and formed into suitably-sized explosive units. The mixing station is provided with a mixer having a pair of hoppers in which are deposited the liquid ingredients and the solid ingredients, and which empty into a housing having a pair of rotating mixing screws which mix the liquid and solid ingredients. The liquid ingredients never contact the bearings of the mixing screws. The ratio of liquid to solid ingredients of the explosive may be varied by varying the feeding rate of each.

Burners of liquid fuels atomized by the expansion of a compressed auxiliary fluid

Abstract: A burner of atomized liquid fuel comprising, in addition to the fuel admission conduit, several supplementary annular conduits fed with an auxiliary liquid such as a liquid effluent, water or a replacement fuel, which conduits communicate by channels with the mixing chambers contained in the nose of the burner.

Apparatus for injection of hygroscopic powders into a high pressure liquid stream

Abstract: An apparatus to inject fine hygroscopic powder into a high pressure stream has a dispenser which dispenses powder onto a flared dispersing surface mounted in a mixing receptacle. The flared dispersing surface disperses the powder and deposits the powder onto a collector portion of the mixing receptacle. A water supply means creates a film of water on the collector portion to mix the powder and water. An outlet on the bottom of the mixing receptacle is coupled to a high pressure stream through a venturi orifice to draw the mixture into a high pressure stream.

Method and apparatus for the evaporation of liquids

Abstract: Liquids which, when dilute, tend to froth during mixing or boiling are evaporated in an evaporator by feeding the entire liquid quantity to be evaporated into the evaporator, bringing only part of it in indirect heat exchange contact with a hot medium to concentrate the liquid, recycling part of the concentrated liquid to the heat exchange to prevent frothing of the liquid to be evaporated, and withdrawing the vaporized portion and the concentrated liquid from the evaporator.

Method and apparatus for preparing chemical solutions

Abstract: A method and system for carrying out the method, relating to mixing of solutions, wherein the base liquid in a tank is circulated through an endless circuit while the chemical is gradually introduced into the circulating flow base liquid to achieve through mixing. A chemical is withdrawn under valve control into a measuring receptacle prior to mixing same with the base liquid. Provision is included for rinsing the chemical source container, the resulting rinse solution being automatically introduced into the tank, leaving the source container in condition to meet legal requirements for disposal. To simplify disposal of rinsed containers and discourage re-use thereof, a feature of the method and system involves means for collapsing the containers. A novel multiple valve assembly enables all features to be embodied in a simplified and condensed system.

Device for mixing chemical products with tap water

Abstract: A device for mixing chemical products with tap water. It comprises a magazine intended to accommodate the chemical products in the form of a solid compact so that they have at least one free surface which remains constant during splitting and means for introducing tap water tangentially of that surface. Application in the domestic and garden sectors.

Process for producing a solid chocolate composition suitable for coating ice cream

Abstract: A process is provided for the production of a solid chocolate composition which can be dispersed in vegetable oil to produce a chocolate liquid suitable for coating ice cream. The process comprises milling a mixture of cocoa powder with or without added chocolate liquor, sugar, hydrogenated vegetable oil, salt, lecithin and optionally whey powder or low fat milk powder to form a paste, roll refining the paste to form a sheet, breaking up the sheet and mixing it with hydrogenated vegetable oil, heating and agitating the resultant mixture and thereafter extruding and cooling small globs of the mixture to form the solid chocolate composition.

Fluid bed combustion device

Abstract: PURPOSE:The combustion gas is mixed rapidly in the free board uniformly by providing the piping circuit for supplyiing air to the free board with the mixer for mixing NO reducing agent.