Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 1988"
TL;DR: Blumer as mentioned in this paper states that human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings of things they have for them, and that the meaning of such things derives from the social interaction one has with one's fellows; these meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretive process.
Abstract: This is a collection of articles dealing with the point of view of symbolic interactionism and with the topic of methodology in the discipline of sociology. It is written by the leading figure in the school of symbolic interactionism, and presents what might be regarded as the most authoritative statement of its point of view, outlining its fundamental premises and sketching their implications for sociological study. Blumer states that symbolic interactionism rests on three premises: that human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings of things have for them; that the meaning of such things derives from the social interaction one has with one's fellows; and that these meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretive process.
9,473 citations
TL;DR: In the context of social science analysis, many of these approaches are dominated by utilitarian or functional approaches in which institutional structures are assumed to adapt in an optimal fashion to changing environmental conditions.
Abstract: Contemporary social science analysis is dominated by utilitarian or functional approaches in which institutional structures are assumed to adapt in an optimal fashion to changing environmental cond...
990 citations
677 citations
TL;DR: The literature examining the hypothesis that consumers have greater preference for brands/products which are more congruent with their self concept is discussed to identify crucial issues in this area of inquiry.
520 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, a presentation of the determination of gust loads on airplanes, especially continuous turbulence gust loads, is presented, emphasizing the basic concepts involved and covers relationships, definitions of terminology and nomenclature, historical perspective and explanations of calculations.
Abstract: This is a presentation of the determination of gust loads on airplanes, especially continuous turbulence gust loads. It emphasizes the basic concepts involved and covers relationships, definitions of terminology and nomenclature, historical perspective and explanations of calculations.
476 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a more extensive comparison of vocal development in deaf and hearing infants indicates that the traditional belief that audition plays only a minor role in infant vocal development depends upon evidence that deaf infants produce the same kinds of babbling sounds as hearing infants.
Abstract: The traditional belief that audition plays only a minor role in infant vocal development depends upon evidence that deaf infants produce the same kinds of babbling sounds as hearing infants. Evidence in support of this position has been very limited. A more extensive comparison of vocal development in deaf and hearing infants indicates that the traditional belief is in error. Well-formed syllable production is established in the first 10 months of life by hearing infants but not by deaf infants, indicating that audition plays an important role in vocal development. The difference between babbling in the deaf and hearing is apparent if infant vocal sounds are observed from a metaphonological perspective, a view that takes account of the articulatory/acoustic patterns of speech sounds in all mature spoken languages.
461 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative importance of various influences on organizational commitment was assessed using an exchange perspective based on work rewards and work values, and the results indicated that intrinsic rewards are significantly more powerful determinants of commitment than extrinsic rewards.
Abstract: Using an exchange perspective based on work rewards and work values, this study is concerned with assessing the relative importance of various influences on organizational commitment. Data from 1385 workers representing a variety of occupations suggests that the model employed explains a large proportion of the variations in this work attribute. Moreover, it appears that work rewards have a strong positive effect on commitment while work values have a weaker negative effect. The results further indicate that intrinsic rewards are significantly more powerful determinants of commitment than extrinsic rewards. Additionally, the study examines the role of demographic variables. Generally, the data suggests that the effect of demographic factors on commitment is indirect through work rewards and values. The implications of these findings are discussed.
434 citations
392 citations
01 Jan 1988
306 citations
TL;DR: The determinants of the equilibrium flow of migrants, the corresponding domestic wage, and the level of welfare enjoyed by a typical worker are analyzed.
292 citations
TL;DR: This article explored the extent to which an adapted version of Etzioni's macro organizational model of involvement may serve as a single model of both affective and instrumental perspectives of organizational commitment.
Abstract: There are two predominant views of organizational commitment: instrumental and affective. The purpose of the paper is to explore the extent to which an adapted version of Etzioni's macro organizational model of involvement may serve as a single model of both affective and instrumental perspectives of organizational commitment. Moral commitment and alienative commitment are treated as affective forms of organizational attachment, and calculative commitment is treated as an instrumental form of organizational attachment. The paper employs five samples for the investigation. It develops scales for measuring each of the three dimensions of commitment. The paper concludes that organizational commitment is multidimensional. It also concludes that employees report a mixture of commitment types. Evidence is offered in support of the affective character of moral and alienative commitment. Although the evidence is equivocal, there is support for the independence of the two dimensions of affective commitment: moral and alienative. Evidence is also offered for the differential association of the three dimensions of organizational commitment with related aspects of organizational behavior. The paper extends our understanding of organizational commitment by providing a place for both instrumental and affective forms of psychological attachment to organizations. It offers scales which may be used for future research, and it suggests research which may extend the adapted model in this paper as well as provide direction for practising managers.
TL;DR: It is proposed that: (1) system implementation represents a threat to users’ perceptions of control over their work and a period of transition during which users must cope with differences between old and new work systems; (2) user involvement is effective because it restores or enhances perceived control.
Abstract: User involvement has long been considered a critical component of effective system implementation. However, the perspective has suffered from mixed results of empirical tests and the lack of a theoretical explanation for the relationship (Ives and Olson, 1984; Baroudi, et al., 1986). Our purpose is to present a theoreticallygrounded perspective to account for effects of involving users during implementation, and to provide an initial test of this perspective. We propose that: (1) system implementation represents a threat to users’ perceptions of control over their work and a period of transition during which users must cope with differences between old and new work systems; (2) user involvement is effective because it restores or enhances perceived control. Results of a field experiment designed as a preliminary test of this perspective are discussed.
TL;DR: This paper reviewed recent publications in ethnomethodology (EM) from a sympathetic but critical perspective, concluding that EM has made major contributions to sociological theory and to the empirical investigation of everyday life.
Abstract: The paper reviews recent publications in ethnomethodology (EM) from sympathetic but critical perspective. It is agreed that EM has made major contributions to sociological theory and to the empirical investigation of everyday life. A number of major reservations are made, however. The author suggests that some contemporary versions of EM—conversation analysis in particular—have an unduly restricted perspective. They give rise to a sociology which is behaviorist and empiricist, and which does not reflect the interpretative origins that inspired EM. Far from being a coherent and homogenous movement, the author suggests, EM is marked by inconsistency.
TL;DR: The authors posit that differences in male and female speech are a reflection of the general dominance of males in society, a view that has been termed the ma/e dominance ~y~~~~~~~~ (Thorne and Henley, 1975).
Book•
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In a recent workshop as mentioned in this paper, a group of researchers concerned with understanding human as well as artificial vision from a computational perspective were gathered to discuss how the earliest stages of processing visual signals takes place, what the role of visual attention focusing is, and how we recognize familiar objects.
Abstract: This text is the result of a workshop which brought together a group of researchers concerned with understanding human as well as artificial vision from a computational perspective. The chapters are original essays and research reports that span a wide range of disciplinary approaches - from experimental psychophysics and psychobiology to mathematical analysis, to a spectrum of problems in visual processing. Further subjects covered include how the earliest stages of processing visual signals takes place, what the role of visual attention focusing is, and the high level problem of how we recognize familiar objects. Theoretical and empirical explorations of such general issues as the complexity of visual processing and the representation of visual knowledge are undertaken.
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The self-definitional processes accompanying the transition to motherhood were examined and it was predicted that information-seeking did play an important role in the women's developing self-conceptions during this life transition.
Abstract: The self-definitional processes accompanying the transition to motherhood were examined in this study. A cross-sectional sample of more than 600 women who were planning to get pregnant within 2 years, pregnant, or in the postpartum stage completed extensive questionnaires pertaining to their experiences of pregnancy and motherhood. On the basis of the assumption of the "self-socialization" perspective that individuals actively construct their identities in response to life transitions, our analyses focused on the role of information-seeking in the developing self-definitions of women becoming mothers. As predicted, (a) women actively sought information in anticipation of a first birth, (b) they used this information to construct identities incorporating motherhood, and (c) after the birth the determinants of their self-definitions shifted from indirect sources of information to direct experiences with child care. Hence, consistent with the self-socialization perspective, information-seeking did play an important role in the women's developing self-conceptions during this life transition. Mechanisms by which information gathered may alter self-conception are discussed.
TL;DR: This paper found that as the SES of a school system goes up, the association between the size and performance of school systems goes from negative to positive and that the negative association among low SES school systems is much stronger in magnitude than the positive association among high SES schools systems.
Abstract: This paper contains empirical support for a new theory on the relationship between the size and performance of school systems. The theory predicts that the strength and direction of the relationship depend on the socioeconomic status (SES) of school systems. This prediction is supported with data from the California Assessment Program on both schools and districts. We find that as the SES of a school system goes up, the association between the size and performance of school systems goes from negative to positive. We also find that the negative association among low SES school systems is much stronger in magnitude than the positive association among high SES school systems. Thus, it appears that school system size has strong negative effects on performance that are eliminated, but not strongly reversed, in high SES settings.
01 Jan 1988
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors take up the issue of whether or not the terms "validity and reliability" can be used in the same sense in logical-empiricism and in phenomenology.
Abstract: This paper takes up the issue of whether or not the terms ‘validity and reliability’ can be used in the same sense in logical-empiricism and in phenomenology. Two aspects of phenomenological theory are discussed as they apply to the problems of validity and reliability: (1) the use of the reduction and the effort after essences, and (2) the part of Husserl’s theory of meaning wherein he distinguishes among signifying, fulfilling and identifying acts. Both of these strategies lead to a sense of validity and reliability, but a sense that is different from logical-empiricism. Both viewpoints have in common the goal of proper evidence for knowledge claims, but they proceed differently because the meanings of the terms differ.
Book•
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: Find the secret to improve the quality of life by reading this production management systems a cim perspective, which can be your favorite book to read after having this book.
Abstract: Find the secret to improve the quality of life by reading this production management systems a cim perspective. This is a kind of book that you need now. Besides, it can be your favorite book to read after having this book. Do you ask why? Well, this is a book that has different characteristic with others. You may not need to know who the author is, how well-known the work is. As wise word, never judge the words from who speaks, but make the words as your good value to your life.
TL;DR: In this paper, a biobehavioral model of activity-based anorexia is examined in terms of recent evidence, and it is argued that classification of human self-starvation should be based on environmental and/or biological conditions that control food regulation.
Abstract: A biobehavioral model of activity-based anorexia is examined in terms of recent evidence. Strenuous exercise reduces the value of food reinforcement and results in decreased food intake. Reduction of food intake increases the motivational value of physical exercise. This produces an escalation in activity that further suppresses appetite. Cultural practices of diet and exercise initiate this anorexic cycle, and once started the process is resistant to change. These anorexias may be the result of natural selection favoring those organisms that became active in times of food scarcity. Proximate physiological mechanism(s) appear to involve the endogenous opiate system that mediates the relationshp between running and eating. It is argued that classification of human self-starvation should be based on environmental and/or biological conditions that control food regulation. Activity anorexia may be one instance of such a classification that could account for many instances of “an orexia nervosa”.
TL;DR: The social organization of Afro-American urban communities has often been viewed in a negative manner as discussed by the authors as an alternative to traditional approaches to urban social organization that stress “patholog...
Abstract: The social organization of Afro-American urban communities has often been viewed in a negative manner. As an alternative to traditional approaches to urban social organization that stress “patholog...