Showing papers on "Rural electrification published in 1990"

Rural electrification in the Third World

Abstract: The importance of rural electrification (RE) in the development process is recognised in a number of studies and assessments of RE programmes that have been carried out during the past decade, by the developing countries as well as donors of foreign aid. The author reviews the RE experience of the developing countries, identifies the principal issues, and discusses how these problems might be resolved. >

Rural electrification in Nepal: new techniques for affordable power

Abstract: Deforestation and the consequent soil erosion are making daily life in Nepal even harder for the rural majority. Replacing wood with hydroelectricity as a fuel could help reverse this trend and provide scope for diversifying village economic activities, without further damaging the environment. Experience gained in turn-of-the-century Norway has been applied to building microhydro generators and to making the electricity they generate both economic and affordable

A survey of URD cable installed on rural electric systems and failures of that cable

Abstract: Several surveys have been conducted with the purpose of determining the history of failure of underground power cables. Typically, these surveys are used to compare data related to cables of various types or installation conditions. The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) has determined that most of the studies have not supplied valid or meaningful information, because neither the vintage of the cables nor their age at failure was considered. In 1988 and 1989, REA conducted a survey which supplied results which are both valid and meaningful. Analysis of the data reported by over 100 rural electrical cooperatives revealed trends related to several variables, such as insulation material and thickness, jacketing, conductor type, and installation methods. The cumulative total of failures, to date, of the cable installed in each year since 1970 was calculated and broken down according to the same variables. The results of the survey are discussed, and recommendations concerning ways that electric utilities can effectively use the results in considering replacement of aged cables are presented. >

Rural electrification cost including transmission and distribution losses and investments

Abstract: A procedure incorporating transmission and distribution (T&D) costs in the electricity supply cost to the rural load centers in India is proposed. The energy supply costs to the rural loads include the capacity and operating costs of generation, transmission, and distribution. These costs are compared with the costs of energy supplies from renewable sources of energy for their economic viability. A method that determines the contribution of rural loads to the system's peak demand is suggested. Due to low load density and high T&D losses in the rural areas, the costs are higher for rural loads than for urban loads. The cost comparison is performed for four categories of rural loads-water pumping. LT industries, domestic/commercial, and street lighting. The comparison includes the hill districts in relation to plains and electrified and unelectrified villages. >

Mid-term evaluation of the NRECA (National Rural Electric Cooperative Association) Central America Rural Electrification Support Program (CARES)

Abstract: Oak Ridge National Laboratory was requested by the Regional Office for Central America and Panama to conduct a mid-term evaluation of the Cares Project, which is being implemented by the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association. This evaluation was conducted over a three week period by a four person team. Overall, the project has had numerous successes and is highly valued by local counterpart utilities and USAID Missions. Notwithstanding the significant results of the project, changes can be made in certain operating procedures and in the direction of some programmatic activities that can lead to an even more effective project.

Economics of electricity production and distribution in rural areas of Nepal

Abstract: This paper aims at providing the comparative economics from a national perspective (economic analysis) and a users perspective (financial analysis) of low capacity (5-15 KW) electrical add-on systems and medium capacity (25-50 KW) electrical systems to provide electrical energy from various energy sources at three villages of Nepal, each from a different physiographic zone. In general, the increasing economic price of traditional energies coupled with deforestation in rural areas of developing countries and the increasing need for foreign exchange for import of fossil fuels, favors the judicial exploitation of renewable energy for electricity generation. The load factor is one of the most important factors that dictate the economic and financial supply price of electricity production and distribution. It is recommended that a detailed site-specific electricity demand analysis be carried out with appropriate end-use planning for decentralized rural electrification schemes.

Energy demand analysis and forecasting

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the energy demand analysis and forecasting. Demand forecasts can be made either on the basis of statistical evaluations and projections of past consumption trends, or on the basis of specific micro-studies. The former approach is appropriate in industrialized nations in which data coverage is excellent and energy-consuming activities are ubiquitous, complex, and mature so that changes from observed trends are slow. In most developing nations, although trend-line extrapolation is common, a micro-survey research-type approach will usually be more useful because it will yield more reliable results. Moreover, sectoral demand changes resulting from specific policies, such as rural electrification programs or establishment of new industrial plants, can be very substantial relative to existing demand. Moreover, in countries where decisions have to be made with respect to large additions to existing energy systems that will require many years to complete, or where new energy sources are to be introduced, accurate demand forecasts are of crucial importance, and substantial planning resources should be allocated for their preparation and continued updating.

Present and future status of utilization of photovoltaics in people's republic of china

Abstract: Overview of the emerging energy demand and supply situation in China is given. One way to solve the rural energy problem where 800 million peoples living is to select approprate energy resources such as photovoltaics. Examples are given to demonstrate that photovoltaics possessing a great energy resource potentials for China's rural areas. Forecast of demand and cost lowering of photovoltaics are given. Ways to reach the target are suggested.