Showing papers on "Smoke published in 1970"

Absorption of Nicotine in Cigarette and Cigar Smoke through the Oral Mucosa

Abstract: Nicotine in cigar smoke (pH 8.5) is much more readily absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth than is nicotine in cigarette smoke (pH 5.3) because there is a higher concentration of unionized nicotine in the relatively alkaline cigar smoke.

Smoke reduction combustion chamber

Abstract: A combustion chamber either an annular or can-annular type, which substantially eliminates the production of smoke while maintaining all other performance parameters of the combustion chamber The combustion chamber is provided with a front end configuration which substantially eliminates local fuel rich regions and which provides a means for mixing the incoming fuel and air

Apparatus for checking operation of smoke detectors

Abstract: A testing device for smoke detectors wherein a housing is placed over the detector under test and a test medium is sprayed into the housing. The smoke detector responds to the test medium to indicate operability thereof. The internal volume of the housing is equal to at least twice the internal volume of the smoke detector under test.

Effects of nicotine and tobacco smoke on the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb

Abstract: 1. Effects of nicotine, cigarette smoke and carbon monoxide have been compared in the cat encephale isole preparation, exhibiting a synchronized electrocorticogram (ECoG) and behavioural sleep. 2. 2 ml samples of smoke, containing approximately 7 μg nicotine (approximately 2 μg nicotine/kg for a 3 kg cat), introduced into the lungs at 30 s intervals from a smoking simulator, caused desynchronization of the ECoG and behavioural arousal. 3. Effects of smoke were matched in the same experiments by intravenous injections of nicotine, 2 μg/kg every 30 s. 4. The use of specific nicotine antagonists, for example mecamylamine, and filters for removing nicotine, indicated the presence in smoke of other agents capable of exerting a pharmacological response. 5. Cigarette smoke contains approximately 5·0% carbon monoxide. Introduced into the lungs of cats pretreated with mecamylamine (2 mg/kg), 2 ml samples of 5% carbon monoxide caused changes in the ECoG similar to those caused by smoke. 6. Effects of nicotine or smoke were not modified by pretreatment with chlorpromazine (2·0-4·0 mg/kg). Atropine (0·3 mg/kg), however, prevented the cortical activation, but not the behavioural arousal. 7. 2 ml samples of smoke applied to the nostrils caused the occurrence in the olfactory bulb of a discharge or burst of “induced” waves. This discharge was sometimes accompanied by a transient period of cortical activation. 8. These studies demonstrate that in cats, nicotine is the principal pharmacological constituent of tobacco smoke as far as effects on the central nervous system are concerned, although other constituents of smoke may play a contributory role.

Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies: II. Smoke Distribution and Mainstream Pyrolytic Composition of Added 14C-Menthol (U)

Abstract: Abstract The distribution of 14C-menthol (U) and its combustion and pyrolytic products in cigarette smoke is described. The mainstream smoke contains 28.9 percent of the total activity with 44.3 percent in the sidestream smoke and 26.9 percent in the butt. The major 14C-menthol smoke product in the mainstream smoke is unchanged menthol (98.9%). A puff-by-puff plot of menthol delivery is presented. The results obtained are explained hypothetically

Cigarette with modified paper wrapper

Abstract: An improved cigarette is prepared through use of a modified cigarette paper as a wrapper. The wrapper is treated in preselected areas with a burn control additive, preferably a strong combustion supporting, oxidizing agent. When the burning coal reaches the area of treatment, the treated area is burned away, allowing for the passage of air through the opening created, during smoking of the cigarette. This air entering through the opening dilutes the smoke stream and results in a substantial reduction in smoke substituents delivered on smoking of the cigarette, with a corresponding improvement in the organoleptic properties of the smoke. The preselected areas on the wrapper are so arranged that larger areas are burned away as the burning coal proceeds from the tip of the cigarette toward the mouthpiece of the cigarette, so that increasing amounts of air are drawn into the tobacco column as smoking proceeds, and substituent delivery is correspondingly reduced in greater amounts as smoking proceeds, so as to provide for a more uniform constituent delivery. The strong, combustion supporting, oxidizing agent may be sodium chlorate, sodium bromate, potassium chlorate, an alkali or alkaline earth metal perchlorate, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, ammonium perchlorate or nitric acid. The burn accelerating agent is applied so as to cover 2 to 50 percent of the wrapper and in concentration constitutes 1/4 to 8 milligrams per square centimeter of the treated portion.

Tobacco smoke filters

Abstract: A tobacco smoke filter filled with a smoke permeable composition capable of reducing the toxic effect of tobacco smoke on alveolar (lung) macrophages, comprising N,N''-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) which may be mixed with flutathione, active charcoal or mixed with or impregnated into known filter material such as cellulose acetate

Ciliotoxicity of cigar and cigarette smoke.

Abstract: The ciliotoxicity of cigarette and cigar smoke was studied in acute in vivo animal experiments. Significantly lower toxicity was found for cigar smoke, contrary to what was expected. The smoke with the highest concentration of volatile compounds measured was found to be the least toxic. A connection between toxicity vs water solubility and pH of the particulate compounds is possible.

Smoking of food products

Abstract: Apparatus for generating a reduced carcinogen content smoke aerosol for use in the smoking of food products. A housing having a smoke regeneration zone therein and a gas outlet for regenerated smoke is provided. The zone is heated and a system is included for introducing and dispersing a liquid smoke composition within the heated zone, the heat reducing the carcinogen content of the resulting smoke aerosol. The apparatus may further include a system for providing the lowered carcinogen content liquid smoke for use in regeneration by the apparatus above, which additional system includes a conventional smoke generator, a small cyclone capable of separating the particulate phase of the smoke from the vapor phase thereof and condensing apparatus.

The effect of nicotine and total alkaloids extracted from cigarette smoke on avoidance behavior in rats under extinction procedure.

Abstract: The effect of nicotine and total alkaloids extracted from smoke on the avoidance behavior of rats under extinction procedure has been measured in an experiment extended over a period of three months. There was no significant difference between the two substances, with both inhibiting the extinction of avoidance response to approximately the same degree. Significance against the control was achieved with all treatments, the effect being significantly greater with the dose of 0.2 mg/kg than with the two doses of 0.1 or 0.05 mg/kg.

Optimizing the oxygen feed in electro arc furnaces

Abstract: Oxygen feed to the furnace is continuously or intermittently varied for the purpose of affecting the composition of the smoke gases leaving the arc furnace. More specifically oxygen feed can be dependent on the smoke gas composition so that a certain smoke composition is given and maintained, whereby the portion of combustion gases can be reduced to a minimum. The oxygen feed can be in an amount precluding carbon monoxide. Provision can be made for a number of probes distributed over the cross section in the smoke gas outlet pipe and serving as for extracting smoke gas samples, the probes being connected to a mixing chamber. Connected to the latter is a continuously operating analysis device preferably for determining the carbon and/or oxygen content of the smoke gas.

Smoke-producing device

Abstract: A smoke-producing device for smoke flavoring food is placed within a cooking device having heat-generating means therein and positioned above a bottom wall thereof. The smoke-producing device has walls defining a chamber therein and means communicating combustion air into the smoke-producing device from outside the cooking device. A foraminous member is mounted in the smoke-producing device and spaced from the air-communicating means for supporting smoke-producing material and the smokeproducing device has a lid which is adjustable to regulate the flow of smoke therefrom.

Analytical apparatus and method for smokes and gases

Abstract: Smoke is passed through a moving filter tape, and the darkness of the filtered trace due to solid, non-white contaminants is readout by photo-electric means. At least one resettable counter is provided to register the number of times the smoke exceeds a smoke level for a predetermined period of time.

Use of the Nonimmersed in Vitro Chicken Tracheal Preparation for the Study of Ciliary Transport Activity Cigarette Smoke and Related Components

Abstract: A bioassay has been developed and used to quantitatively characterize the effects of cigarette smoke on ciliary function. Diluting smoke from 50% (40 ml) to 3% (2.5 ml) increases the number of four-second exposures required for 90% to 100% inhibition from 8 to 80 (or more) puffs. A high degree of correlation and notable similarity in slope of dose-response curves was found for regular cigarettes, cellulose acetate filter cigarettes, and cigarettes with filters of cellulose acetate with activated carbon. A 50% reduction (dose required to inhibit particle transport rate to 50% of control rate [ED50]) in transport activity was observed with 8 ml (one to ten dilution) of nonfiltered cigarette smoke after eight exposures of four seconds each, delivered at one-minute intervals. The ED50 for hydrogen cyanide under similar conditions was attained at 10μg per puff or at concentrations lower than those reported in smoke. Recovery from HCN was more rapid than after cigarette smoke. Smoke from cigarettes with filters...

Effect of cigarette smoke on particle transport on nasociliary mucosa on donkeys.

Abstract: The effects of whole cigarette smoke on the transport of particles on the nasociliary mucosa oflhe donkey were studied. The time required for a ˜O.4-mm radioactive resin bead to pass between two reference points was determined for normal conditions and after exposure to whole cigarette smoke in two exposure modes, (1) continuous injection into 20 parts of dilution air and (2) injection of a 40-ml bolus into the inhaled airstream at 10-second intervals. Exposures of up to 30 cigarettes in either mode produced no measurable effects on the beads’ mucociliary transport rates. This indicates that the nasociliary mucosa is much more resistant to cigarette smoke than the tracheobronchial tree, since previous experiments on donkeys demonstrated that exposure to the smoke from 20 cigarettes produced a marked retardation in particle transport in the trachea.

Excess smoke eliminating system for boilers

Abstract: A SYSTEM TO DETECT EXCESS SMOKE IN THE SMOKE STACK OF AN OIL-FIRED INDUSTRIAL BOILER AND TO AUTOMATICALLY REDUCE THE OIL SUPPLY TO THE BURNER OF THE BOILER WHILE ALLOWING SAID BURNER TO CONTINUE TO OPERATE, THUS ELIMINATING EXCESS SMOKE WHICH WOULD OTHERWISE BE DISCHARGED THROUGH THE SMOKE STACK.

Heat and smoke vent

Abstract: A heat and smoke vent for the roof of a building or other structure having a cover which deforms and disengages from its mounting when heated by a fire in the building notwithstanding rain falling thereon, and thereby automatically releasing the heat and smoke from the building.

Smoke-flavored chicken rolls

Abstract: SUMMARY— Boned Leghorn fowl meat was seasoned and prepared as all light or all dark meat 2-lb rolls. 6 smoke-flavor treatments were applied to both the light and dark meat rolls. These treatments were liquid brine smoke, concentrated liquid smoke, smokehouse, oil-base smoke, oil-base smoke and cure, and dry smoke. Products were held up to 14 days at 1°C and 5 weeks at — 18°C. Light meat contained more moisture, gave a higher yield, was more tender and exhibited better binding characteristics than dark meat. Cured samples contained less moisture than the uncured. A taste panel gave a higher preference for the products which received the oil-base smoke, oil-base smoke plus cure, and smokehouse. Light meat was preferred to dark, although dark meat was rated more juicy. No significant changes occurred due to freezing or storage, or both.

Compressed cigarette smoke

Abstract: A tobacco smoking means for use in substitution of cigarettes, the device comprising a case of the size of a pack of cigarettes and which contains compressed tobacco smoke, the case including a retractable stem for placement in a person''s mouth for drawing in the smoke, and the case including a one-way valve to permit recharging the case with fresh smoke after the smoke has become used up, and the present invention including an apparatus for manufacturing the compressed tobacco smoke.

Castable pyrotechnic colored smoke composition

Abstract: A CASTABLE PYROTECHIC COMPOSITION FOR COLORED SMOKE PRODUCTION COMPRISING IODOFORM IN AN AMOUNT SUFFICIENT TO GENERATE A COLORED SMOKE, AN INORGANIC OXIDIZER IN AN AMOUNT SUFFICIENT TO OXIDE THE COMPOSITION AND A SUITABLE POLYMERIC FUEL BINDER IN AN AMOUNT SUFFICIENT TO BIND THE INGREDIENTS OF THE SMOKE PRODUCING COMPOSITION INTO A COHESIVE CASTABLE MASS.

Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke. XIII. Inhibition of the Pyrosyntheses of Several Selective Smoke Constituents

Abstract: Abstract Earlier studies demonstrated that polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are selectively reduced in the smoke of alkali nitrate rich tobaccos. We hypothesized, therefore, that in the burning cone of a tobacco product, the non-volatilized organic compounds are partially pyrolyzed to C,H-radicals that may combine with each other and form, among others, the thermodynamically favoured PAH. Since we have in the burning cone of nitrate rich tobaccos an excess of thermically activated nitrogen oxides, we assumed that these may react as scavengers for C,H-radicals and, with it, partially inhibit the PAH pyrosynthesis. The present study was designed to challenge our working hypothesis. For the experiments we employed cigarettes to which we had added various amounts of KNO3 (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0 %). As expected, the yields of nitromethane, nitroethane, and nitrobenzene in the smoke increased with the increased of nitrate in the tobacco and the yields of phenanthrene, benz[a]anthracene, and benz[a]pyrene decreased. The concentration of naphthalene was only to a minor degree reduced with the increase of nitrates in the tobacco. One explanation for this observation could be that naphthalenes are primarily formed from specific tobacco terpenes, as suggested in the literature. As was expected, the smoke yields of N-unsubstituted and N-alkylated indoles was relatively little affected by the increase in the nitrate content, since these agents are predominantly formed from tryptophan. It was our objective to contribute to the understanding of the pyrosynthesis of carcinogenic PAH and the selective reduction of PAH in the smoke of nitrate rich tobacco. With the increase of our knowledge in this area we may also find an explanation for the reduced tumorigenicity of condensates from nitrate rich tobaccos

Smoke cleaning device

Abstract: Incoming smoke, filled with pollutants, is introduced into an inlet stack on the bottom of a vertically elongated housing. As the smoke ascends, it is first divided into four paths defined by separate passageways each leading upwardly through riser conduits mounted on a horizontal floor forming a common basin for four separate scrubbing chambers. In rising through each conduit the smoke is further divided by a central partition in the riser and is forced to undergo a double change in direction in emerging from beneath a peaked roof sheltering the riser from the intense water fog and spray in each scrubbing chamber. As the smoke rises through the scrubbing chambers toward the common exhaust stack at the top of the housing, the dense water fog from spray nozzles separate the pollutants from the smoke and carries the pollutants downwardly into the water bath located in the basin. From the basin the pollutant-laden water is carried away by drain pipes and the scrubbed smoke is emitted through the exhaust stack.

Thin-Layer Chromatography of 4-(4′-Nitrobenzyl)-pyridine-reactive Compounds in Tobacco Smoke

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Method of smoke reduction and apparatus therefor

Abstract: Reduction in amount of smoke associated with fuel oil fires in pans for firefighter training purposes is achieved by providing atomized water sprays impinging on the fire just above the layer of burning oil which floats on a body of water in the pan. Water is pumped through spray heads at controlled rates via distribution system immersed in the water beneath the burning oil to prevent generation of steam.

Pollution control device

Abstract: An apparatus and method for using the same are disclosed wherein smoke is dispersed by forcing the smoke out of a smoke stack in the form of smoke rings.

Plastic bonded smoke

Abstract: An improved method of manufacture of a smoke mix and a smoke mix composition for use in munitions; the improvement being a structure having a smoke producing material and an oxidizing material, such as potassium chlorate, bonded together by a polymer system. The bonding is accomplished by mixing the oxidizing material, smoke producing material, and polymer system to a homogeneous mixture which is a castable or extruable mass; casting or extruding the mass into a desired geometric configuration for use in muntions; and allowing the mass to cure.