Showing papers in "Nature in 1970"
TL;DR: Using an improved method of gel electrophoresis, many hitherto unknown proteins have been found in bacteriophage T4 and some of these have been identified with specific gene products.
Abstract: Using an improved method of gel electrophoresis, many hitherto unknown proteins have been found in bacteriophage T4 and some of these have been identified with specific gene products. Four major components of the head are cleaved during the process of assembly, apparently after the precursor proteins have assembled into some large intermediate structure.
232,912 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Using an improved method of gel electrophoresis, many hitherto unknown proteins have been found in bacteriophage T4 and some of these have been identified with specific gene products as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Using an improved method of gel electrophoresis, many hitherto unknown proteins have been found in bacteriophage T4 and some of these have been identified with specific gene products. Four major components of the head are cleaved during the process of assembly, apparently after the precursor proteins have assembled into some large intermediate structure.
203,017 citations
TL;DR: The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information and states that such information cannot be transferred from protein to either protein or nucleic acid.
Abstract: The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that such information cannot be transferred from protein to either protein or nucleic acid.
3,007 citations
TL;DR: The oxygenation of haemoglobin is accompanied by structural changes in the subunits triggered by shifts of the iron atoms relative to the porphyrin and, in the β-subunits, also by the steric effect of oxygen itself.
Abstract: The oxygenation of haemoglobin is accompanied by structural changes in the subunits triggered by shifts of the iron atoms relative to the porphyrin and, in the β-subunits, also by the steric effect of oxygen itself. The oxygen-free form is constrained by salt-bridges which are broken by the energy of haem–haem interaction with the release of H+. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate may add to the constraints by being stereochemically complementary to a site between the β-chains ; this complementarity is lost on oxygenation.
2,625 citations
TL;DR: Two independent groups of investigators have found evidence of an enzyme in virions of RNA tumour viruses which synthesizes DNA from an RNA template, apparently the classical process of information transfer from DNA to RNA can be inverted.
Abstract: Two independent groups of investigators have found evidence of an enzyme in virions of RNA tumour viruses which synthesizes DNA from an RNA template. This discovery, if upheld, will have important implications not only for carcinogenesis by RNA viruses but also for the general understanding of genetic transcription: apparently the classical process of information transfer from DNA to RNA can be inverted.
1,872 citations
TL;DR: Viral RNA-dependent DNA Polymerase: RNA- dependent DNA polymerase in Virions of Rous Sarcoma Virus and its role in cell reprograming is studied.
Abstract: Viral RNA-dependent DNA Polymerase: RNA-dependent DNA Polymerase in Virions of Rous Sarcoma Virus
1,833 citations
TL;DR: This is a preliminary communication describing applications to genetical selection of a new mathematical treatment of selection in general.
Abstract: THIS is a preliminary communication describing applications to genetical selection of a new mathematical treatment of selection in general.
1,705 citations
TL;DR: This work deals with patterns in a thin layer of solution, in which cerium ions catalyse the oxidation of analogues of malonic acid by bromate by oscillations in the solution colour.
Abstract: OSCILLATING chemical reactions are interesting, not only in themselves but as models of a number of important biological processes1–5. Oscillating reactions have been described in which cerium (or manganese) ions catalyse the oxidation of analogues of malonic acid by bromate6–8. Oscillations in the concentrations of oxidized and reduced forms of the catalyst cause oscillations in the solution colour, while stirring leads to forced synchronization of oscillations throughout the whole volume. In the absence of stirring, periodic propagation of concentration waves occurs in certain conditions, and such a phenomenon in a one-dimensional system (a long tube) has been described9,10. Our work deals with patterns in a thin layer of solution (two-dimensional system).
1,563 citations
TL;DR: Property of the visual system, as well as the reader's knowledge of the language, must be relevant in order for the information in the text to be relevant.
Abstract: WHEN a person reads, his eye movements consist of fixational pauses separated by quick jumps along the lines. What the eye picks up during a pause is largely unknown, as is the way in which the information from successive retinal images is integrated. Properties of the visual system, as well as the reader's knowledge of the language, must be relevant.
1,204 citations
TL;DR: Epstein–Barr Virus in Burkitt's Lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: EBV DNA in Biopsies of Burkitt Tumours and Anaplastic Carcinomas of the Nasopharyx is studied.
Abstract: Epstein–Barr Virus in Burkitt's Lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: EBV DNA in Biopsies of Burkitt Tumours and Anaplastic Carcinomas of the Nasopharynx
1,190 citations
TL;DR: This work has shown that the tritium deficiency and the greater polarity are compatible with oxygen insertion at carbon 1 of 25-HCC, the major form of the circulating vitamin in blood plasma.
Abstract: BEFORE the molecule of vitamin D acts in the control of calcium metabolism it is converted to a functional form in at least two metabolic steps. The first, a side chain hydroxylation at carbon 25, was shown by the elegant experiments of DeLuca and his co-workers1–4. This, metabolite is synthesized in the liver from vitamin D5,6 and is the major form of the circulating vitamin in blood plasma, not only of experimental rats1 and chickens7, but also of man8. A second more polar metabolite, localized in intestinal cell nuclei7,9 and having at least three times the biological activity of an equivalent amount of cholecalciferol10,11, is derived from 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC)12. When it is obtained from chickens that have been given [4-14C,l-3H] cholecalciferol, there is a loss of tritium from carbon 1 (refs. 7 and 12). The tritium deficiency and the greater polarity are compatible with oxygen insertion at carbon 1 of 25-HCC.
TL;DR: Evidence of an active linkage between the human genes that control lactate dehydrogenase B and peptidase B is presented, but it is concluded that there is no link between the genes for lactate dehydration A and lactatehydrogenase A.
Abstract: Evidence of an active linkage between the human genes that control lactate dehydrogenase B and peptidase B is presented. It is also concluded that there is no link between the genes for lactate dehydrogenase A and lactate dehydrogenase B.
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TL;DR: Experimental PsychologyIts Scope and Method is illustrated by Jean-François Le Ny, G. Oléron and César Florés.
Abstract: Experimental Psychology Its Scope and Method. IV. Learning and Memory. By Jean-Francois Le Ny, G. De Montpellier, G. Oleron and Cesar Flores. Translated by Louise Elkington. Edited by P. Fraisse and Jean Piaget. Pp. viii + 376. (Routledge and Kegan Paul: London, April 1970.) 80s.
TL;DR: They reared kittens with one eye viewing vertical stripes, the other horizontal, and found that out of twenty-one neurones with elongated receptive fields all were monocularly driven, and in all but one case the orientation of the receptive field closely matched the pattern experienced by that eye.
Abstract: IN a normal cat, neurones of the visual cortex are selective for the orientation of lines and edges in the visual field, and the preferred orientations of different cells are distributed all around the clock1. Hirsch and Spinelli2 have recently reported that early visual experience can change this organization. They reared kittens with one eye viewing vertical stripes, the other horizontal, and found that out of twenty-one neurones with elongated receptive fields all were monocularly driven, and in all but one case the orientation of the receptive field closely matched the pattern experienced by that eye.
TL;DR: A simple order-of-magnitude calculation suggests that diffusion may be the underlying mechanism in establishing morphogenetic gradients in embryonic development.
Abstract: A simple order-of-magnitude calculation suggests that diffusion may be the underlying mechanism in establishing morphogenetic gradients in embryonic development.
TL;DR: The number of possible amino-acid sequences is greater by many orders of magnitude than the number of proteins which could have existed on Earth since the origin of life, and hence that functionally effective proteins have a vanishingly small chance of arising by mutation.
Abstract: SALISBURY1 has argued that there is an apparent contradiction between two fundamental concepts of biology—the belief that the gene is a unique sequence of nucleotides whose function it is to determine the sequence of amino-acids in a protein, and the theory of evolution by natural selection. In brief, he calculated that the number of possible amino-acid sequences is greater by many orders of magnitude than the number of proteins which could have existed on Earth since the origin of life, and hence that functionally effective proteins have a vanishingly small chance of arising by mutation. Natural selection is therefore ineffective because it lacks the essential raw material—favourable mutations.
TL;DR: It seems to be a neglected question whether the harm delivered to an adversary is always merely an unfortunate consequence of adaptations for survival, and whether such harm ever be adaptive in itself.
Abstract: INCIDENTS in which an animal attacks another of the same species, drives it from a territory, or even kills and devours it are commonplace. They may be described as examples of biological selfishness. The effect consists of two obvious parts: the gains (in fitness) of the victor and the losses of the victim. Attempts to secure the gains are easily understood to be adaptive: this is the fundamental response to what Darwin called the “struggle for existence”. But, considering the more controversial catch-phrase of evolutionary theory—“the survival of the fittest”—it seems to be a neglected question whether the harm delivered to an adversary is always merely an unfortunate consequence of adaptations for survival. Could such harm ever be adaptive in itself ? Or nearer, to the possibility of a test, would we ever expect an animal to be ready to harm itself in order to harm another more ? Such behaviour could be called spite. Is it ever observed ?
TL;DR: Organic molecules found in meteorites seem to have been formed before the meteorites reached Earth, according to new research.
Abstract: Extraterrestrial abiotic amino acids and hydrocarbons in type II carbonaceous chondrite at Murchison, Australia
TL;DR: The repeated contractions which can be observed in skinned fibres in appropriate concentrations of caffeine, Ca2+ and chelating agent suggest that calcium release is a regenerative process in which calcium itself causes the release of calcium from the reticulum.
Abstract: The repeated contractions which can be observed in skinned fibres in appropriate concentrations of caffeine, Ca2+ and chelating agent suggest that calcium release is a regenerative process in which calcium itself causes the release of calcium from the reticulum.
TL;DR: DNA synthesis and mitosis are inducible in multinucleate HeLa cells formed by fusion between cells in different phases of the life cycle.
Abstract: DNA synthesis and mitosis are inducible in multinucleate HeLa cells formed by fusion between cells in different phases of the life cycle.
TL;DR: The present experiments show that amnesic patients can remember verbal material if they are tested with a method of partial information but such retention depends more on the method of retrieval than on the methods of acquisition.
Abstract: Amnesic patients can remember verbal material if they are tested with a method of partial information. The present experiments show that such retention depends more on the method of retrieval than on the method of acquisition. It is suggested here that long-term memory can be demonstrated in the patients if methods are used that eliminate incorrect and interfering responses.
TL;DR: The work described here was intended to add to present theoretical knowledge of stability in large systems, for instability usually appears as a self-generating catastrophe.
Abstract: MANY systems being studied today are dynamic, large and complex: traffic at an airport with 100 planes, slum areas with 104 persons or the human brain with 1010 neurones. In such systems, stability is of central importance, for instability usually appears as a self-generating catastrophe. Unfortunately, present theoretical knowledge of stability in large systems is meagre: the work described here was intended to add to it.
TL;DR: A new type of protein essential for DNA replication and genetic recombination has been isolated from T4 bacteriophage-infected cells of E. coli and catalyses DNA denaturation and renaturation in physiological conditions in vitro.
Abstract: A new type of protein essential for DNA replication and genetic recombination has been isolated from T4 bacteriophage-infected cells of E. coli. This protein binds cooperatively to single-stranded DNA, and it catalyses DNA denaturation and renaturation in physiological conditions in vitro.
TL;DR: Further evidence is put forward for the inducibility of chromosome condensation, particularly its consequences in interphase cells that are not ready for mitosis.
Abstract: Further evidence is put forward for the inducibility of chromosome condensation, particularly its consequences in interphase cells that are not ready for mitosis.
TL;DR: The seismicity and fault plane solutions in the Mediterranean area show that two small rapidly moving plates exist in the Eastern Mediterranean, and such plates may be a common feature of contracting ocean basins.
Abstract: The seismicity and fault plane solutions in the Mediterranean area show that two small rapidly moving plates exist in the Eastern Mediterranean, and such plates may be a common feature of contracting ocean basins. The results show that the concepts of plate tectonics apply to instantaneous motions across continental plate boundaries.
TL;DR: Preparations of many different types of viruses contain defective particles which consist of viral structural proteins and a part of the viral genome and may play a major part in the evolution of viral diseases.
Abstract: Preparations of many different types of viruses contain defective particles which consist of viral structural proteins and a part of the viral genome. Such particles are capable of specifically interfering with the growth of homologous, standard virus and may play a major part in the evolution of viral diseases.
TL;DR: Human cancer might be caused by nitrosamines formed in the body from ingested nitrites and secondary amines, and cooking could be a source ofsecondary amines.
Abstract: Human cancer might be caused by nitrosamines formed in the body from ingested nitrites and secondary amines. Cooking could be a source of secondary amines.
TL;DR: The relative motion between the plates on each side of the East African Rift Valley can be obtained from the opening of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
Abstract: The relative motion between the plates on each side of the East African Rift Valley can be obtained from the opening of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. The calculated direction of relative motion agrees well with fault plane solutions for earthquakes north of the equator.
TL;DR: The first observations on interspecific crosses, followed by embryo culture, illustrating an equally promising method for obtaining haploids in barley and perhaps other species are reported.
Abstract: HAPLOIDS have been sought and investigated in many plant species since their first identification in Datura1. The chief limitation in using them to produce homozygous lines for plant breeding programmes or genetic research has been the lack of techniques by which large numbers of haploids can be obtained from any given stock2. Reports3,4 of haploid plants obtained from anther cultures offer a potential technique and here we report our first observations on interspecific crosses, followed by embryo culture, illustrating an equally promising method for obtaining haploids in barley and perhaps other species.
TL;DR: Experiment has shown that two lines of different orientation interact with each other so that they seem to be displaced from one another in orientation, suggesting mutual inhibition between neighbouring columns in the visual cortex.
Abstract: Experiment has shown that two lines of different orientation interact with each other so that they seem to be displaced from one another in orientation. This could be explained in terms of mutual inhibition between neighbouring columns in the visual cortex.