Showing papers on "Soil stabilization published in 1972"

Soil stabilization: principles and practice,

Abstract: This book, based mainly on experience in the Australasian environment, deals with the application of soil stabilization in construction practice (highways, airfields, dams, embankments, building foundations, and erosion protection). It shows the various means by which the stabilization response of different soils can be identified, and discusses the principal soil stabilizing materials (cement, lime and bituminous compounds), and the stabilizing effects of the mechanical admixture of soils. Machinery, methods, and some new soil stabilizer are also dealt with. /TRRL/

Engineering Properties of Compacted Fly Ash

Abstract: The lower compacted density of fly ash relative to conventional earthfill recommends its use when a fill or embankment must be constructed over soft, compressible ground. Field evidence to date indicates that compressibility or settlement of compacted fly ash fills is not significant. Long-term field settlements cannot be predicted satisfactorily on the basis of short-term laboratory tests because fly ash exhibits age-hardening or pozzolanic properties. Low-level additions of lime to the fly ash before compaction accentuate this behavior. Frost susceptibility likewise is not as serious a problem in compacted fly ash as might be presumed from its grain size distribution. Gradation alone does not suffice as a criterion of frost susceptibility; pozollanic properties also play an important role. Undesirable frost heave in compacted fly ash can be reduced to tolerable levels by addition of lime or cement.

Lime stabilization of organic soils

Abstract: The potentials of improving the engineering characteristics of organic soils found in Louisiana were studied. Laboratory studies of approximately 1,100 samples of inorganic and organic soils showed that plasticity and strength are improved by the addition of lime. Changes in pH of soil-lime mixtures showed that increased levels of lime treatment were able to neutralize the acidity of organic matter in the soil and initiate the soil-lime reaction.

Dynamic properties of cement-treated soils

Abstract: The dynamic shear modulus and damping characteristics of 2 soils, a uniform sand and a silty clay, treated with Type 1 portland cement are determined by the resonant column technique. Test variables studied are cement content, confining pressure, shear-strain amplitude, and moisture content. The dynamic shear modulus and damping of both uniform sand and silty clay can be greatly increased by adding a small amount of cement.

Lime stabilization of soils

Abstract: THIS BOOK PRESENTS UP-TO-DATE TECHNIQUES IN ALL ASPECTS OF LIME STABILIZATION OF SOILS, FROM INITIAL TESTING, THROUGH DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, TO FINAL TESTING AND APPROVAL. ALTHOUGH IT IS NOT INTENDED AS A MANUAL FOR ROAD DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, PROCEDURES FOR THE USE OF HYDRATED LIME IN THE STABILIZATION OF SUB-GRADE, SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES ARE GIVEN AS A GENERAL GUIDE FOR SPECIFICATION WRITERS. SOIL TESTING IS THOROUGHLY COVERED ACCORDING TO THE STANDARD METHODS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT. /AUTHOR/

Behavior of stabilized soils under repeated loading. performance evaluation of cement-stabilized soil layers and its relationship to pavement design

Abstract: : Properties of cement-stabilized soils were interrelated, and the performance of field sections previously tested (1963-1964) at the Waterways Experiment Station (WES), Vicksburg, Mississippi, was evaluated for the purposes of determining the validity of existing theory for prediction of pavement behavior and developing criteria and procedure for designing pavements containing soil layers stabilized with small amounts of cement. Field test sections of three different thicknesses were constructed of Vicksburg silty clay stabilized with 3%, 6%, and 10% cement contents on a heavy clay subgrade prepared to CBR values of 4 and 10, and tested under 10,000, 25,000, and 50,000-pound single-wheel loads. A failure criterion was defined according to rut depth, and the equivalency of different wheel loads (in terms of damage caused to the pavement) was determined. (Author)

Soil stabilization by ion diffusion

Abstract: A method for the stabilization of soils is described wherein an aqueous concentrate or powder of an organic or inorganic ionizable salt is applied to a soil to be stabilized, said salt when solubilized liberating ions which will interact with ions naturally present in the soil. The salt dissolves in the available ground water and migrates throughout the soil by physical diffusion and mass flow to stabilize the soil at a location spaced from the point of application as well as at the point of application.

Sodium silicate stabilization of soils: a review of the literature

Abstract: This report consists of an annotated bibliography and summary review of the important literature on the use of sodium silicates in soil stabilization processes. Annotations are given for approximately 90 articles published between 1931 and 1965. On the basis of these articles the authors have summarized pertinent information on stabilizer properties, reaction mechanisms, injection methods of soil solidification, properties of stabilizer soil mixtures, and use of sodium silicates as dustproofers and waterproofers and as secondary additives with other stabilizers. There is some evidence that sodiumsilicate stabilization can increase the strength and durability of sandy soils or even relatively nonplastic finegrained soils under mild climatic conditions; however, there is almost no field evidence to justify its use when the stabilized material is subjected to the freezing and thawing cycles typical of temperature-to-cold climates. Sodium silicates with or without the addition of precipitants are of little value in dustproofing or waterproofing finegrained soils. On the other hand, laboratory tests seem to indicate that sodium silicate used as an additive can improve the strength and durability of soils stabilized with portland cement, lime, or lime-fly ash.

Deep-plow lime stabilization for pavement construction

Abstract: Deep-plow lime stabilization equipment and procedures for treating substantial thicknesses (18–36 in.) (30–90 cm) of in situ subgrade soil are described. Field study data and results are summarized and potential field applications are considered. It is concluded that deep-plow lime stabilization procedures can be successfully utilized in pavement construction if appropriate consideration is given to stabilization objectives and quality control requirements.

Performance of soil-cement test pavement in rhode island

Abstract: A TEST ROAD CONTAINING 2 CONTROL SECTIONS WITH CONVENTIONAL DESIGN AND 5 SECTIONS WITH DIFFERENT SOIL-CEMENT BASE AND SUBBASE WAS CONSTRUCTED IN JULY 1967. PERFORMANCE OF THE TEST ROAD HAS BEEN EVALUATED BY USING THE BENKELMAN BEAM TEST, PLATE BEARING TEST, ROUGHOMETER TEST, CRACK SURVEY, AND FROST STUDY. RESULTS OBTAINED TO DATE INDICATE THAT THE SOIL- CEMENT PAVEMENT POSSESSES GREATER RIGIDITY BUT DEVELOPS CRACKS; THE TOTAL LENGTH OF THE CRACKS INCREASES WITH INCREASING CURING TIME. AN ADDITION OF 1 PERCENT SODIUM SULPHATE SEEMS TO INCREASE THE RATE OF CRACK DEVELOPMENT. CRACKING COULD RESULT IN PAVEMENT SURFACE ROUGHNESS; HOWEVER, NO CONCLUSIVE RESULTS INDICATE THAT CRACKING COULD CAUSE REDUCTION OF PAVEMENT STIFFNESS. /AUTHOR/

Shrinkage cracking of soil-cement

Abstract: THIS PAPER REPORTS SOME RESULTS TO DATE OF CONTINUING RESEARCH ON CEMENT STABILIZED LOESS AND SANDY PUMICE, TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF A RANGE OF FACTORS ON THE SHRINKAGE, CREEP AND TENSILE STRENGTH OF THESE SOILS. THE RESULTS OF LABORATORY TESTS DESCRIBED SHOW THAT THE SHRINKAGE CRACKING OF SOIL-CEMENT CAN BE REDUCED BY COMPACTING IT AT A MOISTURE CONTENT THAT IS LESS THAN THE NORMAL OPTIMUM REQUIRED TO OBTAIN THE MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY. /TRRL/

Soil stabilisation with cement

Abstract: The author gives detailed directions for the planning and execution of soil stabilization with cement for various construction jobs from the improvement of the soil subgrade to the backfilling of bridge abutments.

Stabilization of soil by cement

Abstract: The process of stabilization of soil by cement was investigated using seven additives that were different in their reactivity to soil and cement. The experimental results of development of mechanical strength strength-fall after immersion in water, permeability test and microscopic observation show that cement reacts, first, with fine parts of soil and after curing for more than three weeks, the reaction products give secondary bond-strength to the soil cement by pozzolanic reaction. Therefore, in order to ameliorate the properties of soil cement, it is necessary to examine fine parts of soil by X-ray analysis and strength-fall by immersion in water.

General report on soil technology and stabilization

Abstract: THE PAPERS CONTAINED IN THIS SESSION DEAL WITH SOIL PARTICLES AND PORE FLUID INTERACTION,. THEY EXAMINES SOME OF THE MECHANISMS WHEREBY ENERGY RELATIONS MAY BE FORMED TOGETHER WITH SOME SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS. THE INTEGRITY OF SATURATED CLAY SOIL WAS STUDIED WITH RESPECT TO STRUCTURAL BONDING, PARTICLE-PARTICLE CONTACT AND INTERPARTICLE ELECTROSTAITC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES. SWELLING PHENOMENA WERE INVESTIGATED TOGETHER WITH TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUATING PARTICLE ARRANGEMENTS (POLARIZING MICROSCOPY, X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY). SOME OF THE PAPERS ARE DEVOTED TO CRUMB STRUCTURE MECHANICS, ADDITIVES FOR SOIL STABILIZATION AND THEIR USE, AND THE SOIL-WATER-ADDITIVE SYSTEM. /TRRL/

Lime-flyash stabilization of soil, development of the technology

Abstract: THIS ARTICLE BRIEFLY REVIEWS SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES AND STRESSES THE ECONOMIC AND AESTHETIC ADVANTAGES DEVISED FROM THE UTILIZATION OF FLY-ASH IN COMBINATION WITH LIME. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIME-FLY-ASH SOIL STABILIZATION PROCESS IN THE USA AND IN EUROPE IS DESCRIBED TOGETHER WITH THE MECHANISM OF THE SOIL-LIME-FLY ASH INTERACTION. /TRRL/

Progress report on soil-bituminous stabilization

Abstract: SOIL-BITUMINOUS STABILIZATION HAS NOT HAD THE ADVANTAGE OF TESTING PROCEDURES THAT AID DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF THE PRODUCT. WORK WAS UNDERTAKEN TO ACHIEVE A REALISTIC APPROACH TO DETERMINATION OF THE ROLE THAT THE PERCENTAGE OF STABILIZER, MOISTURE, VOLATILES, CURING, AND COMPACTION PLAY IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOIL-ASPHALT BASES. TEST PROCEDURES AND RESULTS FOR A SINGLE SOIL MIX ARE REPORTED. BECAUSE OF THE SUCCESS OF THE PROCEDURE IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT IT BE USED TO TEST SEVERAL SOILS OF VARYING CHARACTERISTICS WHEN MIXED WITH SEVERAL TYPES OF ASPHALT STABILIZERS.

Design of lime content and field control limits for soil stabilization

Abstract: CONSTRUCTION CONTROL DATA FROM NINETEEN CALIFORNIA STATE HIGHWAY CONTRACTS WAS OBTAINED AND STATISTICALLY ANALYZED TO DETERMINE THE MAGNITUDE AND UNIFORMITY OF THE PERCENTAGE OF LIME ADDED TO THE BASEMENT SOIL. THE LIME CONTENTS WERE DETERMINED USING THE CALIFORNIA TITRATION TEST. THE DATA FROM PROJECTS CONSTRUCTED WITH THE MOST EFFICIENT MIXING MACHINE WERE USED TO DEVELOP RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW SPECIFICATIONS FOR LIME CONTENT. THESE NEW SPECIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN RECOMMENDED FOR IMPLEMENTATION BY THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS IN LIEU OF THE EXISTING ABSOLUTE SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENT FOR LIME CONTENT. A/THOR/

Lime reclaims unstable interior subgrade during construction

Abstract: Two acres of unstable subgrade required stabilization while construction was in progress. Four percent monohydrated lime at about 20 lb per sq yd served as the stabilizing agent. After a discharrow scarified the area, 25 tons of lime were spread. A dozer-disc combination worked over the area, and a pneumatic roller performed the sealing.

Unstable track formations respond to bituminous spray treatment

Abstract: British Railways has developed an economical method of sealing weak subgrade soils when carrying out ballast cleaning. The method described is reported to greatly improve track stability.

Reinforced earth as a highway structure

Abstract: IT IS BELIEVED THAT REINFORCED EARTH OFFERS ANOTHER DESIGN OF RETAINED FILL SECTIONS WHICH CAN BE ECONOMICAL, EXTREMELY FLEXIBLE AS TO FOUNDATION SUPPORT, QUICK AND EASY TO CONSTRUCT AND ESTHETICALLY PLEASING TO THE TRAVELLER. REINFORCED EARTH IS A PATENTED PROCESS IN WHICH STRIPS OF METAL USUALLY 0.125-INCH THICK BY 2.25. INCHES WIDE, ARE STRATEGICALLY PLACED WITHIN A MASS OF ESSENTIALLY GRANULAR SOIL TO FORM A GRAVITY SECTION CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING VERY HIGH EXTERNAL LOADINGS. GRANULAR MATERIALS WORK BEST BECAUSE OF THEIR ABILITY TO ACTIVATE SUFFICIENT FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE WITHIN THE SOIL TO DEVELOP TENSION ALONG THE THIN LONGITUDINAL REINFORCING MEMBERS WITHOUT CAUSING SHEAR OF THE SOIL. DESIGNS ARE BASED ON A MINIMUM QUANTITY OF BACKFILL MATERIALS OR AN ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION OF AT LEAST 25 DEGREES AND A MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF FINES OF 15 PERCENT. DEVIATION FROM THIS CRITERIA SHOULD BE ATTEMPTED ONLY WITH DETAILED EVALUATION BY FIELD TESTING. REINFORCED EARTH WALLS ARE DESIGNED (BY NORMAL SOIL MECHANICS PROCEDURES) FOR TWO CONDITIONS OF STABILITY: (1) THE INTERNAL STABILITY OF THE REINFORCED MASS; AND (2) THE EXTERNAL STABILITY OF THE GRAVITY SECTION OR BEARING CAPACITY, OVERTURNING, SLIDING OF FOUNDATION SOILS. THE RESPECTIVE MERITS OF METAL FACING AND CONCRETE FACE BLOCKS ARE DISCUSSED. REINFORCED EARTH WALL PROJECTS IN CALIFORNIA, GEORGIA, AND ALABAMA ARE DESCRIBED AND COST DATA ARE PRESENTED. FIGURES ILLUSTRATE SECTIONAL VIEWS.