Showing papers on "Sustenance published in 1992"

Profile of an Independent Black Institution: African-Centered Education at Work.

Abstract: In the prophetic novel Two Thousand Seasons (1979), Ayi Kwei Armah challenges Black people to find sustenance in their origins. He calls especially on those he describes as "you hearers, seers, imaginers, thinkers, rememberers, you prophets called to communicate truths of the living way to a people fascinated unto death" (p. ix). Armah asks that Black people look beyond the confusion of the present and find ways of "linking those gone, ourselves here, those coming" (p. xiii). As he continues:

Work and Ideology in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala: Economic Beliefs in the Context of Occupational Change*

Abstract: plazas of the central area of the region's marketing system-in the surroundings of Quetzaltenango and Totonicapain. They are widely recognized by the bright colors and designs of the women's clothes and also by the trucks and jeeps the men drive. They are considered to be rich and progressive as well as hard-working people. They have been cited by members of the military as exemplary Indians, a peaceful, productive community that is doing quite well. Many Almolonguefios are successful traders who make good money. Some own nice houses and a good piece of land; others rent land in other townships. What follows is part of a larger study of what seems to be an important case of capital accumulation and change in the midst of depression and considerable poverty. One feature that seems to set Almolonga apart from other neighboring communities is the increasing number of Almolonguefios who are adopting nontraditional views of work, wealth, and the accumulation of goods and capital. In Almolonga, as in other Guatemalan towns, the traditional perspective (still present in Almolonga as well) is that accumulation on the part of an individual is something that is potentially bad or evil and that one should basically produce only enough food and sustenance to support one's family and to meet one's community obligations.' From the traditional perspective, accumulation often is seen as leading to "envy," an angry feeling caused by people's displaying goods and properties that others do not or cannot have. Envy, in turn, is directly associated with witchcraft: the envious neigh

The Socioeconomic Impact of the African Market Women Trade in Rural Kenya

Abstract: This study examines the socioeconomic contributions of Kenya's rural market women traders to national development and livelihood, in the context of the role of women in global society. In Kenya, multifaceted female roles often overlap -but they always constitute indispensable services in the sustenance of life among both urban dwellers and peasants in the countryside. The active economic participation of rural market women traders has been an integral part of Kenyan socioeconomic life and development over the past 40 years, largely undocumented in research literature. During this time, population has increased fivefoldfrom 4.3 million in 1947 to an estimated 20 million in 1988 (Kenya, 1970, 1981; United Kingdom, 1946, 1949). Agricultural food production has failed to keep pace with the dramatic growth of population, which averages 2.7% per year for Africa (Ayari, 1983) and close to 4% for Kenya the highest growth rate in the world (Kenya, 1981). Between 1970 and 1980, the decrease in traditional agricultural self-sufficiency rapidly accelerated. "The decline in per capita food production had reached 15% per year by 1980. Africa's deteriorating food situation threatens the very survival of African nations, because agriculture provides the livelihood of most of the people in Africa. The food crisis in Africa is the world's greatest economic

A Critical Look at Sustainable Development in the Canadian North

Abstract: The notion of sustainable development has considerable appeal in northern Canada, a reflection of traditional practices of indigenous populations and the region's experiences with the encroachment of industrial society. The lexicon of "sustainable development" has made the identification of appropriate economic activities a central issue. There is no standard approach to this problem although Weeden (1989) produced a useful framework for evaluation. Analysis of the evolution of the economic geography of the North provides some insights into both the current emphasis on the role of communities in sustainable development strategies and the origin of candidate activities. Review of possible candidate activities suggests that there is perhaps a tendency to confuse renewal with sustainability and that the appropriateness of activities may be called into doubt when viewed from the standpoint of relative energy consumption and global context. Sustenance harvesting is seen as perhaps the most viable sustainable activity, although some assessments of its value may be overstated. Non-renewable resource exploitation is a particular problem, yet the extraction of some non-renewable resources may contribute to a global goal of sustainability. A prerequisite for the development of a rational approach to sustainability lies in establishing the nature of the reciprocal relationship between urban centres and the northern periphery. Key words: sustainable, development, energy, harvesting, indigenous, resource

Community, Society and Migration: Noneconomic Migration in America

Abstract: A Paradigm Shift in Migration Explanation Cyclical and Polygonal Migration in a Western Context Community Attachment and Migration Decision Making in Nonmetropolitan Settings The Motivational Salience of Structural Change in Nonmetropolitan Migration Interstate Migration and Public Welfare - The Migration Decision of a Low Income Population Sustenance Specialisation and Dominance in International and National Ecosystems - Implications for Post 1980 Migration in Counties in the United States Sustenance Organisation and Population Redistribution in New York State - A Human Ecological Analysis Individual and Corporate Migration Decisions Changes in Employment Location and Income Direction of Migration Growth and Dispersal of an Intentional Utopia.

Eating, working, and saving in an unstable world: consumers in nineteenth-century France

Abstract: Studies of the scale and pattern of food consumption in France during the early modern period down to the mid nineteenth century have usually underscored the extent to which households depended on local agricultural production. In a country which was still rural, even peasant in character, the means of sustenance were seen as regionally varied and almost immutable over time. In this view, most of the food available in a given place came from the family land or from farms in the neighbourhood, and people were thus assumed to have found more than go per cent of their consumption needs within a very small area, perhaps within a radius of three miles (...).

Eating, working, and saving in an unstable world: consumers in nineteenth-century France

Abstract: Studies of the scale and pattern of food consumption in France during the early modern period down to the mid nineteenth century have usually underscored the extent to which households depended on local agricultural production. In a country which was still rural, even peasant in character, the means of sustenance were seen as regionally varied and almost immutable over time. In this view, most of the food available in a given place came from the family land or from farms in the neighbourhood, and people were thus assumed to have found more than go per cent of their consumption needs within a very small area, perhaps within a radius of three miles (...).

Notes on neoinstitutional economics

Abstract: In mainstream economic theory — neoclassical economics — one had for a long time taken for granted that the institutional framework of social interaction had to be treated as something exogenously given and beyond the explanatory and analytical realms of theory. Institutions were for sociology and political science to handle, not for pure economics. More recently, however, the scope of economic theory has been widened through the incorporation of institutions. This has to a large extent grown from an increasing awareness of the farfetched consequences of the institutional presumptions on which much of the earlier theorizing was built. The analysis is therefore broadened by supplementing the hard core with institutional analysis. One has even attempted to explicate the economic rationale of the formation or sustenance of institutions by endogenizing them, e. g. by applying different kinds of evolutionary theories.

Family planning programmes and fertility effects: an overview.

Abstract: 3 propositions are made concerning the role of family planning (FP) programs as fertility determinants. The debate whether FP programs affect fertility is moot in view of the mounting affirmative evidence culled from 25 years of experience. FP has made a difference producing fertility changes in dissimilar environments. The 2nd proposition claims that the contraception supply-demand dichotomy is not appropriate because intricate supply-demand interactions influence the demographic significance of programs. Research is needed on this interaction. It is also necessary to better evaluate community modules of demographic and health surveys methods for assessment on the area level state implementation of programs and service systems. The 3rd proposition argues that programs play a demographic role thus more attention has to be paid to the supply side. Programs differ with respect to the kinds of contraceptives personnel outreach to village populations the extent of coverage or public information channels. A list of 19 options for governments to lower fertility has been produced by a researcher including various birth control methods education-information-communication schemes and legal sanctions on marriage age and family size. Effective programs depend on the choice of managers and favorable social setting strong infrastructureand prominent leaders endorsement of a small family model. The successes of pilot programs can be utilized for national programs whose sustenance ultimately depends on government solicitude and donor support.

Women, ecology and health: rebuilding connections: introduction.

Abstract: The relegation of Third World women to activities involving the maintenance of life and the production of sustenance while their male counterparts have been drawn into military and profit-making pursuits has facilitated the emergence of an ecological feminist approach to the destabilization of the worlds life-support systems. Womens acceptance of the continuity of the human body and the earth body has promoted a systemic rather than technological approach to issues such as deforestation toxic waste and economic development. The ecological approach rejects the patriarchal nature/culture dualism and evaluates technical solutions to environmental problems on the basis of whether they interact constructively or destructively with nature. The production and sustenance of life not the protection of property is proposed as the organizing principle of society. The articles in this volume offer examples of ways movements of women in Thailand India Sri Lanka the Philippines and other countries are providing a blueprint for a more holistic approach to the crisis of the ecosystem.

Local Systems Engineering Education Program Ignition and Sustenance

Abstract: Academic institutions, industry, and other components of our society are continuing a long-standing trend toward fragmenting and specializing the arts and sciences related to the development of complex systems. The absence of an effective force encouraging generalism poses serious problems for American industry. Several examples illustrate how this trend can be turned around.