Showing papers on "Territoriality published in 1992"

Butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality : a review

Abstract: Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) are among the best studied of coral reef fishes. Feeding ecology and some aspects of behaviour have been firmly established. However, spacing behaviour remains controversial. Two major studies made in the 1970s concluded that the majority of species were not territorial. We suggest that these and other studies which have concluded that territories are not held have generally suffered from short observation periods, and have not mapped the ranges occupied by individuals. Further, low frequencies of agonistic behaviour have been interpreted as evidence of non-territoriality. By contrast, studies which have proven territoriality have had long observation periods and have mapped ranges. These have shown that territories are usually maintained with very little overt aggression. Spacing behaviour and feeding behaviour are clearly linked, with territoriality common among benthic-feeding species, especially obligate corallivores. Species with broad dietary flexibility tend to have flexible social systems, while plankton feeders are usually gregarious. The widespread occurrence of monogamy in butterflyfishes appears linked to territoriality, the majority of territorial species identified to date occurring predominantly as pairs. Data currently available suggest that this is because pair defence of the territory is more efficient than by individuals. However, several alternative hypotheses for the evolution of monogamy based on spawning constraints and predation risk cannot yet be ruled out.

Mobility and territoriality : social and spatial boundaries among foragers, fishers, pastoralists, and peripatetics

Abstract: Contents: A. Barnard, Social and spatial boundary maintenance among southern African hunters-gatherers - S. Bahuchet, Spatial mobility and access to resources among the African pygmies - H. Beach, Dynamics of Saami territoriality within the nation states of Norway, Sweden and Finland - J. Berland, Territorial resiliency among peripatetic peoples in Pakistan - B.V. Bhanu, Boundaries, obligations and reciprocity: levels of territoriality among the Cholanaickan of South India - D. Bradburd, Territoriality and Persian pastoralists: looking out from Kerman - M.J. Casimir, The ecological determinants of territorial behaviour among mobile herders - B. Glatzer, Pastoral territoriality in West Afghanistan: an organisation of flexibility - W. Lancaster & F. Lancaster, Tribe, community and the concept of access to resources: territorial behaviour in south-east Ja'alan - A. Mirga, Roma territoriality and state policy: the case of the socialist countries of East Europe - S. Nadjmabadi, Socio/spatial organisation and territorial behaviour among fishing communities in the Persian Gulf - L. Piasere, Roma and Roma in north-east Italy: two types of territorial behaviour in the same larger territory - A. Rao, The constraints of Nature or of culture? Pastoral resources and territorial behaviour in the Western Himalayas - B. Streck, Shared space and seasonal migration: the niches of the Nubian Halab.

Territorial behavior in Southeast Asian langurs: Resource defense or mate defense?

Abstract: Between-group antagonism or territoriality in primates may serve two different but compatible functions: resource defense or mate defense. Females are expected to be involved more strongly in the first, males in the second. The resource defense hypothesis predicts that home range overlap should decrease as defensibility and population density increase, and that females should be involved in hostile between-group interactions. The mate defense hypothesis predicts that between-group relations should be hostile and that males should take the primary role in antagonistic encounters. In a comparative study of 12 populations of 6 Presbytis species in Southeast Asia, we found support for the mate defense hypothesis; only males produce loud calls, between-group antagonism is entirely a male affair, and neither defensibility nor population density determine spatial exclusivity or the level of antagonism. We discuss the differences between our findings and traditional interpretations of territorial behavior.

Territoriality and microhabitat selection in two intertidal New Zealand fish

Abstract: Aspects of territoriality and microhabitat selection in Acanthoclinus fuscus and Forsterygion nigripenne robustum were studied in intra- and interspecific confrontation experiments under tidal and constant conditions. In both species aggressive responses were closely related to activity with maximal frequencies during the first 2 h of the experiments. Under tidal conditions activity was higher than at constant water level. Size predominantly affected contest outcome in both species. Initiation of the first bout and past experience were further important factors, whereas prior residence did not influence dominance relationships. Dominant individuals defended access to shelter and low tide pools as critical resources. A. fuscus preferred tubes matching the body size for cover, whereas F. n. robustum spent more time in caves and on open areas. Furthermore, A. fuscus preferred shallower water and was able to sustain long periods out of water. The different microhabitat preferences may reduce interspecific competition. Although A. fuscus did not win significantly more trials, higher aggressive tendencies were observed in this species.

Settlement period and function of long-term territory in tropical mangrove passerines

Abstract: We studied the territorial behavior of four insectivorous passerines residing in a tropical mangrove of northeastern Venezuela. Data were obtained through mist-netting and direct observation of color-banded individuals, regularly scheduled over two complete annual cycles. Seasonal variation in food resources (arthropods) and the birds’ diet also were evaluated. A chronological cluster analysis was used to determine the settlement periods of territories, the former being illustrated by the probabilistic Jennrich-Turner method. Three of the four species hold year-round territories. These long-term territories were settled only once a year, immediately after the breeding season when food was abundant. The territorial settlement was synchronous among all individuals ofa species, favoring strong modifications of the territorial mosaic. Considering the absence of territorial settlement prior to breeding and the high stability of territorial mosaics even during periods of low food abundance, territoriality during the non-breeding season primarily appears to ensure a breeding site for the next reproductive period. These results contrast with those from temperate regions where territoriality over the non-breeding season primarily enhances the survival of individuals during periods of food shortage.

Interspecific territoriality and competitive interactions between American Black Ducks Anas rubripes and Mallard A. platyrhynchos

Abstract: Interactions between pairs of American Black Ducks and Mallards were studied at six sites in northeastern Nova Scotia during territory establishment Interspecific territoriality was well developed and most frequently resulted in competitive superiority by resident pairs, regardless of species Also, intruding pairs sometimes remained on territories already occupied by the other species Exclusion of Black Duck pairs by Mallards occurred twice

Social and spatial boundary maintenance among Southern African hunter-gatherers.

Abstract: This chapter explores the notion of territoriality with reference to its social context. The social boundaries maintained in Bushman, or southern African hunter-gatherer, society are defined according to language, culture and kinship relations. Land tenure refers to the appropriation of resources, while territoriality involves social relations which are spatially based, or more specifically, those directly contingent upon the spatial organisation of resource extraction. The degree to which rights to such resources are defended depends again on local custom. Various species of monkeys, birds, hyenas, and so on, have been observed as exhibiting increased territorial behaviour when they have more resources to defend. The Namibian case aside, among most Bushman groups there is a degree of flexibility in territorial ideology which permits the temporary occupation of territories by alien groups. Territoriality, in the sense of defence of resources and spatial boundary maintenance, functions primarily in relation to like populations.

A study of the relationship of territoriality and teacher sense of efficacy to job satisfaction of elementary school teachers

Abstract: ........................................ 127