Showing papers on "Territoriality published in 1999"

The mating system and stability of pairs in kiwi Apteryx spp.

Abstract: Different populations of kiwi Apteryx spp. live in very different habitats and climatic conditions, and they vary greatly with regard to population densities and sex ratios. Populations also differ remarkably in their social and mating patterns. By comparing four populations, we asked whether kiwi mating systems are primarily shaped by the availability of mates as caused by different operational sex ratios ("environmental polygamy potential"), or whether they depend on the costs and benefits of desertion by either sex from parental care, especially on the limitations to desertion due to high precopulatory investment ("parental limitation"). Most kiwi have long-term partnerships and very high partner fidelity, but in one population half of all pairs split each year. This is a relatively dense population with a strongly female-biased sex ratio and a complete lack of territorial behaviour. We argue that pair stability and territoriality are related in kiwi, and that the loss of territoriality and the high divorce rate in this divergent population result from the female-biased sex ratio. Data analyses did not reveal any reproductive advantage from divorce and re-mating with a different partner in kiwi. We suggest that divorce results from the interaction of surplus females with paired males and is hence "forced" upon the pair. Our analyses of social systems of the four populations of kiwi suggest that both territory defence and the degree of polygamy depend primarily on parental demands and not on the distribution of resources and mates. Hence, we regard the "parental limitation hypothesis" as being the more adequate one to explain mating patterns in kiwi.

An Observational Study of Coyote (Canis latrans) Scent-marking and Territoriality in Yellowstone National Park

Abstract: Free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) living in neighboring packs were observed in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, from Jan. to May 1997. Through direct observation, we recorded the location of coyote scent marks and information regarding the identity of the marking animal. Patterns of scent-marking were then analyzed spatially and demographically. All of the evidence from the present study supports a strong relationship between scent-marking and territoriality in these coyotes, and all predictions were met. A preponderance of scent marks was found in the periphery of territories. Most of those marks were raised-leg urinations (RLUs) and forward-lean urinations (FLUs), postures associated very strongly with males, particularly dominant individuals. Ground-scratching was also closely associated with these types of marks and was performed more on the periphery of territories than in the interior. A complete lack of overlap of adjacent territories and very limited overlap of movements into territories fits classic definitions of territory and home range. Scent-marking seems to be strongly associated with the establishment and maintenance of these boundaries between packs of coyotes competing for the same resources in a limited space.

Discourses of identity and territoriality on the US‐Mexico border

Abstract: (1999). Discourses of identity and territoriality on the US‐Mexico border. Geopolitics: Vol. 4, Geopolitics at the end of the Twentieth Century, pp. 155-179.

Pair territoriality in the longnose filefish, Oxymonacanthus longirostris

Abstract: The longnose filefish,Oxymonacanthus longirostris, usually lives in heterosexual pairs, the male and female swimming together and sharing the same territory Pair territoriality in the species was examined in detail in relation to sexual differences in territorial defense activities Rigorous pair territoriality was maintained only during the breeding season, although pairs used their home ranges exclusively to a certain extent, during the non-breeding season The frequency of aggression against other conspecific pairs in the breeding season was higher than in the non-breeding season Agonistic interactions appear to be over both mates and food resources, the strict pair territoriality in the breeding season possibly being due to mutual mate guarding In intraspecific aggressive interactions, males usually led their partner females when attacking intruders The feeding frequency of males was much lower than that of females in the breeding season Mate removal experiments indicated that females could not defend their original territories solitarily and their feeding frequency decreased Conversely, males could defend territories solitarily without a decrease in feeding frequency These results suggest that males contribute most to the defense of the pair territory, with females benefiting from territorial pair-swimming with their partner males

Problematika teritorialnosti v politi^ni in kulturni geografiji

Abstract: Problems of territoriality in political and cultural geography Presented are the problems of territoriality of a human in relation to political and cultural geography. Namely, linked with territoriality are numerous elements and aspects contributing to the fact that any »annonymous« spatial reality can be transformed into a discernible territorial unit to which the name is given, and the extent and boundaries determined by the dominant social groups which thus exert their social control over it. By the side of socio-political aspect, the socio-cultural aspect of territoriality shall not be neglected, since parallel with the spaces of state also the cultural regions exist, the latter usually lasting longer because they were determined by diverse ethno-lingual communities throughout their presence in the space with which they also identified. So as the identity, the territoriality, too, has various, often concurrent dimensions which are manifested in different intensity, depending on a human standpoint and changes of social and political conditions in various periods and environments. Therefore it is unavoidable that geography in the spatial interpretation of society constantly tackles the problems of human territoriality and the resultant iconographic conceptions.