Showing papers on "Thermal power station published in 1983"

Combined Cycle and Waste Heat Recovery Power Systems Based on a Novel Thermodynamic Energy Cycle Utilizing Low-Temperature Heat for Power Generation

Abstract: A new thermodynamic energy cycle has been developed, using a multicomponent working agent. Condensation is supplemented with absorption, following expansion in the turbine. Several combined power systems based on this cycle have been designed and cost-estimated. Efficiencies of these new systems are 1.35 to 1.5 times higher than the best Rankine Cycle system, at the same border conditions. Investment cost per unit of power output is about two-thirds of the cost of a comparable Rankine Cycle system. Results make cogeneration economically attractive at current energy prices. The first experimental installation is planned by Fayette Manufacturing Company and Detroit Diesel Allison Division of General Motors.Copyright © 1983 by ASME

Closed-cycle gas turbine chemical processor

Abstract: A closed-cycle gas turbine chemical processor separates the functions of combustion air and dilution fluid in a gas turbine combustor. The output of the turbine stage of the gas turbine is cooled and recirculated to its compressor from where a proportion is fed to a dilution portion of its combustor and the remainder is fed to a chemical recovery system wherein at least carbon dioxide is recovered therefrom. Fuel and combustion air are fed to a combustion portion of the gas turbine combustor. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the gas turbine is employed to drive an electric generator. A heat recovery steam generator and a steam turbine may be provided to recover additional energy from the gas turbine exhaust. The steam turbine may be employed to also drive the electric generator. Additional heat may be added to the heat recovery steam generator for enhancing the electricity generated using heat recovery combustors in which the functions of combustion and dilution are separated. The chemical recovery system may employ process steam tapped from an intermediate stage of the steam turbine for stripping carbon dioxide from an absorbent liquid medium which is used to separate it from the gas stream fed to it. As the amount of carbon dioxide in the fuel fed to the chemical processor increases, the amount of process steam required to separate it from the absorbent fluid medium increases and the contribution to generated electricity by the steam turbine correspondingly decreases.

Energy Conversion Systems

Abstract: Introduction to Power Generation. Fuels. Reciprocating Machines. Internal Combustion Engines. Rotating Compressors. Axial--Flow Turbines. Gas Turbine Power. Fossil Fuel--Fired Steam Power Plants. Nuclear Power Plants. Power Plants and the Environment. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Direct Energy Conversion. Nonreactive Energy Sources. Appendix. Nomenclature. Index.

The Modular High-Temperature Reactor

Abstract: Nearly all problems encountered in large High-temperature reactor power plants with respect to design and safety are related to the mere physical size of a larger reactor core. Our analyses show th...

A Comparative Study of the Influence of Different Means of Turbine Cooling on Gas Turbine Performance

Abstract: A comparative study of the influence of different means of turbine cooling on the thermodynamic efficiency and specific work of gas turbines is presented. A common general model of a simple open cycle gas turbine is used to compare the performance of turbines using different types of cooling; internal convection and impingement by air, film cooling by air, internal convection and impingement by steam, film cooling by steam and closed loop cooling by water. The results are also compared to the previously published results of the analysis of open loop water cooled gas turbines. The model evaluates the efficiency and specific work of simple cycle gas turbines as it is influenced by mixing losses of coolant with combustion gases, pumping work of coolant and heat transfer from the expanding gas. The study is performed in terms of dimensionless variables in order to achieve generality and to provide useful design guidelines and insights. Blades internally cooled by convection and impingement are treated as heat exchangers operating at constant metal temperature and the coolant exit temperature is simply expressed as a function of a heat exchanger effectiveness, an independent parameter which is normally a function of the intricacy of the layout of the cooling passages. The coolant requirements and heat transfer with film cooling are determined using a dimensionless correlation derived experimentally at M.I.T. Sample calculations give the optimum turbine inlet temperature of thermodynamic efficiency and specific work for different pressure ratios and typical dimensionless numbers. The data on specific work are significant because they can be readily used in evaluations of a given type of gas turbine in a combined cycle. The sensitivity of the efficiency and specific work to each key input parameter is reported.The use of superheated steam as a coolant can provide some performance advantages since the steam raised in a waste heat boiler expands with the combustion gases, increases the turbine mass flow and also provides a certain amount of heat regeneration. Performance results are also reported for this steam cooled gas turbine operating with mixed working fluid.Copyright © 1983 by ASME

Incinerator steam generation system

Abstract: A new and improved incinerator steam generation system subjecting to combustion debris such as municipal waste, utilizing the heat derived therefrom to produce steam for steam boiler, electrical generating facilities, heating facility for industrial or commercial plants, and so forth. This is provided with a series of boilers and controls, both manually adjustable and also automatic, whereby the possibility of fire dangers are minimized, created temperature ranges of boiler gases are constrained to desirable limits, dump stack facilities are automatically controlled as to particular effectiveness for differing types of operating conditions, and where safety features are incorporated to shut down gas flow through the boiler during periods of boiler-water deficiency, excess steam generation relative to demand, and other conditions. Within the furnace area proper the pressure conditions are predetermined and are controlled during operation for desired efficiency, vapor removal, and materials' combustion. Thus, air-entrained particulates are minimized, and combustible gases as produced at the grate areas of the furnace are driven off for later, secondary combustion. Temperature control of resulting gases is maintained.

Steam, noncondensable gas and foam for steam and distillation drive _in subsurface petroleum production

Abstract: A method is disclosed for increased recovery of crude petroleum from a subsurface formation containing petroleum deposits. The method combines steam and gas distillation drive using foam to divert the steam/gas and to establish a thermal barrier against heat loss into the surrounding formations. A noncondensable gas is injected with or after steam to produce a distillate bank which is moved through the formation from an injection well toward a production well. Fluids produced at the production well are monitored to provide information for control of the injected materials at the injection well.

Direct contact low emission steam generating system and method utilizing a compact, multi-fuel burner

Abstract: A high output, high pressure direct contact steam generator for producing high quality steam particularly suited for use with low grade, low cost fuel. When used in a system incorporating heat recovery and conversion of carryover water enthalpy into shaft horesepower, the unit disclosed provides high quality, high pressure steam for "steam drive" or thermal stimulation of petroleum wells through injection of high pressure steam and combustion gas mixtures. A particular feature of the burner/system disclosed provides compression of a burner oxidant such as atmospheric air, and shaft horesepower for pumping high pressure feedwater, from a lowest cost energy source such as leased crude, or other locally available fuel.

Method of and system for utilizing thermal energy accumulator

Abstract: A method and system is described which employs a thermal energy accumulator in which a thermal energy fluid and hot water coexist with each other. Hot water is taken out of the accumulator and supplied as thermal energy to an energy utilization compound arrangement of a total flow turbine and a steam turbine driving an electric power generator. The thermal energy fluid may be in the form of saturated steam, for example.

Chemical and biological characterization of emissions from coal- and oil-fired power plants.

Abstract: Emission samples were obtained from two medium-sized power plants, one fired with oil and the other with pulverized coal. Particles obtained by a miniscale plume stack gas sampler (MIPSGAS), simula...

Steam drive oil recovery method utilizing a downhole steam generator

Abstract: Viscous oil is recovered from a subterranean, viscous oil-containing formation by a steam flooding technique wherein steam is generated in a downhole steam generator located in an injection well by spontaneous combustion of a pressurized mixture of a water-soluble fuel such as sugars and alcohols dissolved in water or a stable hydrocarbon fuel-in-water emulsion and substantially pure oxygen. The generated mixture of steam and combustion gases pass through the formation, displacing oil and reducing the oil's viscosity and the mobilized oil is produced from the formation via a spaced-apart production well.

Heat recovery system

Abstract: 57 A heat recovery system for taking out a mechanical energy from hot exhaust gas from a gas turbine comprises at least two exhaust-gas boiler each having drum of an interior pressure different from each other, a steam turbine, a generator driven by the steam sturbine, steam condenser and a plurality of heat exchanger. The heat exchanger is disposed in advance of the drum of the respective exhaust-gas boiler so that a feed-water circulating through the heat recovery system is preheated before entering into each drum by means of a cooling water which is used to cool blades of the gas turbine and becomes very hot.

The Verification of Concentrated Impurities in Low-Pressure Steam Turbines

Abstract: The problem of corrosion-assisted low-pressure blade failures is discussed from the water chemistry and aerothermodynamic viewpoints. The physical chemistry of particular steam impurities existing in low-pressure steam turbines is reviewed with special applicability to blade path steam conditions. The interaction of the turbine expansion line with the salt solution zone has been verified by field testing which has, for the first time, demonstrated the existence of concentrated impurities within the low pressure turbine blade path. In addition, the existence of low levels of moisture as measured by an optical moisture probe offers strong evidence that the expansion process in low-pressure steam turbines takes place, on the average, in thermodynamic equilibrium, at least in the vicinity of the saturated vapor line.

Efficient waste heat recovery process from sulfur containing flue gas

Abstract: In the recovery of waste heat from flue gas containing particulate solids, CO 2 , SO 2 , SO 3 and H 2 O, several improvements are provided, e.g., passing hot flue gas, e.g., from a power plant, over heat exchange surface attackable by sulfuric acid, e.g., in a combustion air preheater, so as to release heat to said heat exchange surface and to partially cool said flue gas to a temperature within the range of about 350° F. to above the condensation temperature of sulfuric acid; passing resultant partially cooled gas through a particulate removal zone to separate the particulate solids from the partially cooled flue gas; passing resultant solids-depleted, partially cooled flue gas to a regenerator containing heat exchange surface resistant to attack by sulfuric acid to release additional heat and to cool said flue gas to a temperature below the condensation temperature of sulfuric acid; and recovering the heat from the regenerator with air which is then passed through the air preheater to be used as combustion air for the furnace.

Operation of Cogeneration Plants with Power Purchase Facilities

Abstract: This paper presents an economic dispatching scheme for a cogeneration plant with thermal needs and power purchase facilities. Part of the demanded electric power is generated locally in the plant while the rest is purchased, via a tie-line, from a neighboring utility company. The primary objective of the developed scheme was to share the load among the in-plant generating units and the tie-line such that the best economical mix is achieved while the on site process steam needs are satisified. The developed scheme is applicable to a wide class of mix generation plants. The Boise Cascade paper mill of International Falls, Minnesota, is used for a case study as a typical cogeneration installation.

Condenser vacuum retaining apparatus for steam power plant

Abstract: A vacuum retaining arrangement for retaining a vacuum within a condenser of a steam power plant during a short term outage or shutdown. At least a portion of a turbine gland packing near the condenser, with respect to a sealing steam supply portion, is connected and communicated with an air extractor through a gland condenser. The sealing steam which would otherwise flow into the condenser from the turbine gland package is suctioned or extracted from the gland packing into the gland condenser and the air extractor during the short term outage or shutdown so as to prevent the sealing steam from leaking into the condenser.

Steam generation and reheat apparatus

Abstract: Steam generation and reheat apparatus and method. After flowing in series through a superheater and an evaporator, a heat supply fluid is flowed through both an economizer and a reheater in parallel flow to improve the Rankine Cycle thermal efficiency in plants such as nuclear power plants where the heat supply fluid temperatures are limited.

Coal-gasification systems: a guide to status, applications, and economics. Final report

Abstract: Coal gasification has been the subject of a great deal of study and development worldwide over the past decade. The open literature currently contains bewildering and often inconsistent information concerning the development status and economic viability of coal gasification systems. The Advanced Power Systems Division of EPRI has devoted considerable resources to the development and demonstration of coal gasification technology for ultimate use in electric-power-generation systems. The primary objective of this Guide is to provide current and consistent information concerning the status of commercial development, potential utility applications and EPRI-developed capital and operating costs for coal-gasification technologies that have already been demonstrated at commercial scale as well as for those that are close to commercial practice. Current commercial/developmental status of Lurgi, Koppers-Totzek, Texaco, Shell, British Gas Corporation/Lurgi, KILnGAS, Westinghouse and High Temperature Winkler is discussed. Environmental aspects, thermal performance, reliabiilty and cost information are provided for medium-Btu gas production; retrofitting and repowering existing steam plants; integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems; low-water-consumption IGCC systems; methanol from coal; once-through methanol production in an IGCC system; and IGCC systems employing advanced, molten-carbonate fuel cells. Finally, for comparison purposes, performance and cost estimates on a consistent basis are provided for coal-fired steam plants;more » oil-fired steam plants; oil- and gas-fired combined-cycle and combustion-turbine plants. 88 figures, 86 tables.« less

Water curtain apparatus for heat energy recovery from escaping steam

Abstract: An apparatus for condensing steam emissions from industrial process sites such as pretreatment plants for painting of car bodies. This includes the formation of water spray curtains extending across the entrance and exit sections of a pretreatment plant to absorb and condense the steam emissions. The collected spray water is circulated through a heat recovery system such that the heat energy of the absorbed steam is transferred out of the water and into heat utilizing processes such as in the heating of the solutions utilized in the spray treatment plant itself.

Combined cycle total energy system

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a system for the co-generation of steam and electricity from a gaseous fuel. A Brayton cycle turbine drives first and second fuel and air compressors as well as an electric generator. Steam is also produced by the system for direct utilization or to drive a steam turbine which also drives the generator.

Thermal power plant

Abstract: In an energy conversion installation with a block (14) of water electrolysis cells, to which is allocated a heat exchanger (14a) for the heat losses, the heat exchanger (14a) is coupled to a part of the installation which consumes heat, in order to improve the overall efficiency level of the installation.

State-of-the-art gas turbine and steam turbine power plant

Abstract: A state-of-the-art power plant in which the heat from solid or low quality fuels is utilized to heat indirectly a motive stream composition of a mixture of steam and gases to drive a gas turbine. The thermal energy from the burning of the solid or low quality fuels is also utilized to generate steam which powers a steam turbine. Excess steam may be generated to be utilized as process steam.

Condensing flue-gas water vapor: Another way to cut your fuel bill

Abstract: 13% of the heat of boiler fuel exits in the flue gas and is lost to atmosphere. This heat can be recovered by condensing the water vapor in the flue gas, after which it can be used for feedwater heating or air preheating. A typical condensing heat exchanger is shown. It operates like a cooling tower in reverse: hot flue gas is cooled to recover heat, then the heat is used to provide a hot water source. A secondary heat exchanger is used to transfer heat to process fluid. One advantage of direct contact heating is that there is no wall resistance to the flow. Contacting methods include: baffle-tray column, spray chambers, or packed columns, choice to be based on individual needs. Corrosion can be prevented by using Type 316 or 304 steel. The process also reduces emissions as specified.

Installation for processing chunks of animal matter

Abstract: Chunks of animal matter with 60% moisture content are fed into a cooker (1) via an inlet (3) Steam at 150° C is fed into a double skin via an inlet (6) and condenses to leave as water via an outlet (7) The application of heat to the animal matter causes greasy steam to be given off therefrom which leaves the cooker via an outlet (10) The remaining animal solids leave the cooker via an outlet (4) where they have a moisture content of 10% The greasy steam is condensed in a condenser (19) and greasy steam condensate is discarded via an overflow (36) In the present installation, the major portion of the heat released by condensing the greasy steam is recovered and recycled, thereby reducing the energy requirements of the installation as a whole This is achieved as follows: a portion of the greasy steam condensate is recycled via a heat exchanger (22) to be sprayed back into the condenser as the condenser cooling fluid; clean water is taken from a flash bottle (26) to act as the cooling liquid in the heat exchanger After heating it is recycled into the steam in the flash bottle Flash bottle steam is brought up to heating steam temperature and pressure in a compressor set (24), whence it is fed to the cooker Condensed heating steam from the cooker is recycled into the water of the flash bottle

Steam turbine pressure rate limiter

Abstract: A steam pressure rate limiter for a steam turbine system reduces the setting of a steam control valve when a rate of decrease in steam pressure is detected which exceeds a threshold value of rate of decrease. A floor on control of the steam control valve is enforced in order to maintain a predetermined amount of steam flow to the turbine thereby to provide for cooling of the turbine.