Showing papers on "Water quality published in 1970"

Applied Stream Sanitation

Abstract: A revision of the successful text/reference on rational methods of stream analysis, presenting useful scientific and engineering tools for evaluating waste assimilation capacity and water quality in rivers and streams. Emphasizes practical applications and actual pollution problems. Three important new chapters examine self-purification of nondegradables, true metals, and other toxics, the impact of basinwide secondary biological treatment, and mathematical modeling versus rational assessment methods.

Water Resources Systems Engineering

Abstract: INTRODUCTION TO WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ENGINEERING THE NATURE OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS SYSTEMS ANALYSIS THE OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS TO WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ELEMENTS WATER RESOURCES INVESTMENT TIMING LARGE-SCALE, COMPLEX, MULTIPLE-PURPOSE WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS WATER QUALITY SUBSYSTEMS

Survey of community water supply systems

Abstract: lected to give examples of the several types of water supplies in the country. A whole Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) was the basis of each survey, except in Region I where the entire State of Vermont was included, with evaluations made on all public water supply systems, as defined herein, in each study area. This coverage allowed an assessment of the drinking water quality of the large central city, the suburbs, and the smaller communities located in the counties in the SMSA, and the interaction between them.

Ammonium removal from secondary effluents by selective ion-exchange

Abstract: Early in the developing science of water pollution control, the presence of ammonia in groundand surface water supplies was regarded as a strong indication of recent pollution (1). Klein (2) has stated that am monia concentrations of greater than 0.2 mg/1 are a strong indication of pollution by wastewater. More ex plicitly, McKee and Wolf (3) state that: "The generally accepted limit for free ammonia for sanitary purity of water supplies is between 0.05 and 0.10 mg/1. Excess of this value ren ders the water suspect of recent pollu tion." While ammonia-nitrogen is commonly observed in surface waters, it is not found in groundwaters ex cept in small amounts under anaerobic conditions (4). As water quality science progressed, it became apparent that the presence of ammonia in water has far more seri ous implications than merely serving as an index of recent pollution. It was demonstrated that:

Filtration and circulation system for maintaining water quality in mariculture tank

Abstract: A filtration and circulation system for maintaining the water quality in a fish tank favorable for promoting the production and growth of fish therein and for circulating water therethrough at a rate designed to provide a high rate of water exchange in the tank. The system includes particulate, biological and activated charcoal filters serially arranged in pressurized and unpressurized sections thereof for converting or removing ammonia, waste food and excrement from the water. In addition, parallel flow paths from these filters through a protein skimmer and an ultraviolet sterilizer section, respectively, are provided for lower volume treatment of the water being circulated therethrough.

Instantaneous residential water demand as stochastic point process

Abstract: In this paper a model of indoor residential water demand for describing the instantaneous temporal and spatial variability of flow in a municipal water distribution system is presented. Such a model can be a powerful tool for studying both problems of planning and managing water distribution networks. In particular, as it provides much more accurate information on the real water demands, it makes possible a better design of the system. Moreover a more efficient management of instantaneous water pressure heads is made also possible, allowing the control of water losses and of water quality along the whole distribution system. In the field of water losses control, instantaneous water demand models can also be used to develop simplified techniques of district metering. Here following the work of Buchberger and Wu [2], a Poisson rectangular pulse stochastic process has been used to characterise the intensity, duration and frequency of water demand at single andlor multiple family residences. From measured instantaneous water consumption data of a group of 85 single-famdy residences, the model parameters have been estimated using the method of moments. The monitored residences are part of four different blocks of the same building and their occupants belong to the same socioeconomic status. The estimated parameters show a good agreement with the expected values and give interesting information on the temporal features of water demand Besides, numerical simulations carried out with the proposed stochastic model and using the estimated parameters supply water demand time series that perfectly fit the measured ones.

Toxicities of some herbicides to six species of freshwater crustaceans.

Abstract: The increasing use of herbicides for aquatic weed control also increases the possible hazards to freshwater inverte brates. Crustaceans form a significant link in the aquatic food chain, being important food items for both young and adult fish. Walker (1) and Cow ell (2) reported that herbicides enter ing the aquatic habitat by direct ap plication or by runoff from treated agricultural lands may cause immedi ate reductions in population numbers, either directly because of the acute toxicity of such compounds to inverte brates or indirectly because of changes in water quality. Walker (3) reported that the effects of some endothal herbi cides on fish-food organisms did not result from direct chemical action but from changes in the environment. Gil der hus (4) found that some herbicides may also cause long-term chronic ef fects by gradual reduction in numbers and changes in species composition. Very little has been published con cerning effects of herbicides on aquatic invertebrates. Only a few report on their toxicity to crustaceans. Crosby and Tucker (5) determined the toxici ties of several herbicides to Daphnia magna Straus, and indicated that the relatively high concentrations of some herbicides required for effective herbi cidal action could present a real danger to the food-chain microfauna. Acute toxicity data for some herbicides have been reported for daphnids (6), for the stonefly, Pteronarcys califor nica Newport (7), and for scud, Gam

Artificial substrate sampling, macroinvertebrates in a polluted reach of the Klamath River, Oregon.

Abstract: In 1964 the Federal Water Quality Administration (FWQA) initiated the Klamath Basin Study to determine the effects on water quality of agricultural wastes in irrigation return water on the Klamath and Lost rivers. As part of this study, macroinvertebrates were collected at monthly intervals to de termine the effects of irrigation return water and pollution from the city of Klamath Falls on the aquatic life. The advanced eutrophication of Upper Klamath Lake and the enrich ment of Klamath Kiver have been noted by several authors. Bonnell and Mote (1) reported the nuisance midge Chironomus utahensis attaining sum mer populations of 133,000/sq yd (111,000/sq m), and the alga Aphani zomenon forming mats with 20,000, 000 filaments/cu m. Needham and Needham (2) cited the Klamath River at Hornbrook, Calif., as an example of enormous productivity, with 1 sq ft (0.0920 sq m) of stream bottom yield ing 4,000 organisms and a standing crop of 5,000 lb/acre (5,600 kg/ha).

Soil and cotton responses to tillage and ameliorant treatments in a brown clay soil. 1. Soil responses and water use

Abstract: Furrow-irrigated cotton was grown for two seasons on a previously uncultivated dense clay soil to which the following treatments had been applied :--normal ploughing (18 cm), precision ripping (30 cm), deep ploughing (40 cm), deep ripping (60 cm), and deep ploughing and deep ripping combined, with and without applications of gypsum at 10 tons an acre or organic matter at 2 1/2 tons an acre. The deep tillage significantly increased the porosity of the subsoil, but this extra porosity had largely been lost by the end of the second season. Neither the gypsum nor the organic matter addition had a significant effect upon its rate of decline. Despite the effect on porosity the deep tillages had only small and mostly non-significant effects upon water increment at irrigation. The gypsum treatment, but not the organic matter, increased water entry to the subsoil at irrigation, and this W-as apparently a result of improved hydraulic conductivity and aggregate stability, particularly in the surface layers. Considerable leaching of chloride occurred from the 30-60 cm subsoil zone in both gypsum treated and deep-tilled plots, but not in organic matter plots, and an accumulation of chloride occurred in the 0-10 cm layer (the hill) in gypsum treated plots. The increased water intake to the subsoil resulting from gypsum treatment was matched by increased water use in the following period, and hence a reduction in relative water deficit of Leaves during the peak period of water demand. Neither the organic matter nor the deep tillages had appreciable influence on water uptake. Water use during periods of peak demand was about 6 mm a day for gypsum treated plots, and this was probably lower than mould have been obtained with water freely available at all times. On the other treatments it can he inferred that water use was even further reduced by lack of available water.

Watershed human‐use level and water quality

Abstract: quality of water flowing from protected watersheds was scant, the Washington State Department of Health, in the spring of 1965, requested the USPHS to study this question Three watersheds in the northwestern part of the United States were chosen for this study These watersheds were conveniently located near the Northwest Water Hygiene Laboratory at Purdy, Washington, had sufficient access roads to facilitate the on-site study activities, and had differences in level of human use The Cedar River watershed was well protected, the Green River watershed was open for limited recreational use, and the Clackamas River watershed was completely open for access and recreation

Geohydrology of Finney County, southwestern Kansas

Abstract: Finney County is in southwestern Kansas and comprises an area of 1,300 square miles. The rocks studied range in age from Late Permian to Holocene. The spatial relationships of the subsurface deposits were determined from more than 1,400 sample, drillers', gamma-ray, and laterolog resistivity logs of rotary test holes. The log data were used for the following determinations: Lithology of the rock samples, topography of the pre-Pliocene surface, bedrock geology, regional structure, and geologic sections. Unconsolidated sediments of Tertiary and Quaternary age form the principal ground-water reservoir of Finney County and attain a thickness of more than 500 feet in the southwestern part of the county. The subsurface Tertiary and Quaternary deposits have been divided at aquifer test sites into the Pliocene Ogallala Formation and the undifferentiated Pleistocene deposits. The sand and gravel beds of the Ogallala contain a greater amount of interbedded and mixed silt, clay, and caliche than do those of Pleistocene age. Minor amounts of water, for domestic and stock purposes, are available from aquifers in the Lower Cretaceous deposits and possibly from the Upper Jurassic Morrison(?) Formation. Recharge to the Lower Cretaceous sandstone aquifers within Finney County is from the overlying Tertiary and Quaternary deposits in the southern part of the county. Recharge to the Tertiary and Quaternary aquifers is principally from dune-sand areas, depressions in the loess, and irrigated areas. Recharge to the alluvial deposits is from the Arkansas River, local precipitation, and underflow from the dune sand. Coefficients of permeability and transmissibility were obtained from aquifer tests at nine locations. These coefficients were used with many detailed lithologic logs to determine the movement of water through the county. The analyses of the 1940, 1962, 1963, and 1964 water-table-contour maps indicate a constant inflow of 40.2 million gallons per day and a constant outflow of about 42.0 million gallons per day. As the inflow and outflow are constant, the system of aquifers is considered to be a reservoir that is subject to the three phases of reservoir operation: recharge, storage, and discharge. Discharge from the reservoir is primarily from pumping and a small amount of natural discharge. The change in storage was obtained from water-levelchange maps and from long-term hydrographs. 2 GEOHYDROLOGY OF FINNEY COUNTY, KANSAS The recharge was computed by adding the discharge components (pumping and natural discharge) and the change in storage. This was found to be approximately 2.7 inches per year. The annual recharge ranged from 0 to 306,000 acre-feet and averaged approximately 177,000 acre-feet for the period 1955-64. The 1963 rate of pumping was approximately 295,000 acre-feet. The pumping rate caused an overdraft on the reservoir of approximately 167,000 acre-feet. This caused an average drop in water level of 1.5 feet. The decline in the areas of intensive pumping is approximately 4 feet per year and is almost nothing in areas of no pumping. Water quality in the county ranges from good in the undifferentiated Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits of southern Finney County, with less than 200 milligrams per liter dissolved solids, to poor in the Pleistocene and Holocene alluvium of the central part of the county, with over 3,000 milligrams per liter dissolved solids. The sodium-adsorption-ratio ranges from less than 1 for the good-quality water in southern Finney County to more than 20 for water from undifferentiated Lower Cretaceous sediments in northeastern Finney County. Water in about half the area is undesirable for domestic purposes because of dissolvedsolids content or high ifluoride concentrations. All available chemical-quality data were examined, and the more recent analyses were used to make a map and section of dissolved-solids concentration, a map of fluoride concentration, and two hydrogeochemical sections. A comparison of data from recent analyses with historical data from the late 19th century and early 20th century indicates a deterioration of water quality in some shallow aquifers. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION Irrigation has been practiced for many years in Finney County, but not until the period 1954 57 were there any large increases in groundwater use. Eecords from the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Division of Water Eesources, show that from 1946 to 1954 the amount of water pumped for irrigation doubled. By 1956 the amount of water pumped for irrigation was three times greater than that pumped in 1946, and in 1964 it was approximately four times greater. A study was initiated to determine the effect of this rapid expansion in irrigation acreage and the resulting increase in pumpage upon the ground-water supply of Finney County. The objectives of this investigation were to define the geology of the water-bearing deposits and determine the areal extent of these deposits, evaluate the hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers, determine the effect of pumping on the water levels of the area, ascertain the sources of recharge and the amount of recharge from each source, and determine the chemical quality of water and its relation to the rocks and to the hydrologic continuity of the aquifers.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Ilorin Metropolis using Water Quality Index Approach

Abstract: Groundwater as a source of potable water is becoming more important in Nigeria. Therefore, the need to ascertain the continuing potability of the sources cannot be over emphasised. This study is aimed at assessing the quality of selected groundwater samples from Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria, using the water quality index (WQI) method. Twenty two water samples were collected, 10 samples from boreholes and 12 samples from hand dug wells. All these were analysed for their physico – chemical properties. The parameters used for calculating the water quality index include the following: pH, total hardness, total dissolved solid, calcium, fluoride, iron, potassium, sulphate, nitrate and carbonate. The water quality index for the twenty two samples ranged from 0.66 to 756.02 with an average of 80.77. Two of the samples exceeded 100, which is the upper limit for safe drinking water. The high values of WQI from the sampling locations are observed to be due to higher values of iron and fluoride. This study reveals that the investigated groundwaters are mostly potable and can be consumed without treatment. Nonetheless, the sources identified to be unsafe should be treated before consumption. KEYWORDS : groundwater, water quality index, potability, physico - chemical, parameter

Modeling Of Algal Blooms In FreshwatersUsing Artificial Neural Networks

Abstract: The development of a neural network model for predicting algal blooms is described. The neural network consists of a 3 layer structure with input, hidden, and output layers. Training is conducted using back-propagation where the data are presented as a series of learning sets such that the inputs are observable water quality parameters and outputs are the biomass quantities of specific algal groups. Training is conducted using three years of daily values of water quality parameters and validation is performed using two years of independent daily values to predict the magnitude and timing of blooms of 7 different algae groups with a lead time of 1 day using only the current day water quality parameters. The water quality data represent physical and limnological characteristics of a drinking water reservoir in Germany. Results indicate that the neural network model is capable of learning the complex relationships describing the seasonal succession of phytoplankton in freshwaters. The neural network is shown to perform well for predicting both the timing and magnitude of algae blooms for data in used in training set and to accurately predict the timing and typically overor under-estimate the magnitude of blooms when applied to the independent data.

BOD Mass Balance and Water Quality Standards

Abstract: To establish appropriate water quality controls, the magnitude of the gross pollution load of a basin should be known. Usually it is not. Mathematical modeling of basinwide BOD relationships can be greatly facilitated by applying known equations on a basis of BOD mass loading rather than of BOD concentration. The necessary hydrologic basis includes travel time dye tests, data as to slopes and distances, and computation of travel times for all parts of the basin at various stages. Treatment plant and instream BOD records are essential. The basic BOD removal parameter must be computed and adjusted for different conditions. The remaining computations require a computer but are not especially difficult. The principal reservation as to accuracy of the results consists of the allowance that must be made for nitrogenous BOD. Applications of this method to three New Jersey basins indicate that in each case the recorded BOD data from treatment plants account for less than half of the total pollution loading entering the stream. The policy implication is that it is inappropriate to plan water quality standards and programs of corrective measures on the assumption that recorded effluents constitute the only major source of pollution.

Quality improvements by reservoir aeration

Abstract: LAFAYETTE storage lake Reservoir used on a is nonscheda standby storage lake used on a nonscheduled basis in the distribution system of East Bay Water. Prior to 1962, withdrawals had been made from this reservoir on an average of about once a year, usually occurring in the heavy demand period. Because consumer taste and odor complaints occurred whenever this source was used, it was necessary to blend it with the district's major supply which is the high quality Mokelumne River. In an effort to

Dissolved oxygen resources and waste assimilative capacity of the La Grange Pool, Illinois River

Abstract: The La Grange navigation pool, a 77.4-mile reach of the Illinois River below Peoria, frequently experiences low dissolved oxygen concentrations which fall below 4.0 mg/1, the minimum standard Weighted average DO concentrations as low as 1.65 mg/1, with a minimum DO of 0.9 mg/1, have been observed. Mathematical models were developed by statistical regression methods for predicting average and minimum pool DO concentrations. A variety of methodologies were investigated to determine the best procedure for defining the pool waste assimilative capacity; the Velz modification of the Black and Phelps procedure was selected A quality control chart was designed to detect DO trends which deviate from expected patterns The ability of the pool to assimilate organic wastes has been restricted because man has drastically altered the natural hydraulic and hydrologic characteristics of the river A significant cause of DO depletion appears to be nitrification; this fact must be considered in future waste treatment requirements if significant water quality improvements are to be realized. Reference: Butts, T. A., D. H. Schnepper, and R. L. Evans. Dissolved Oxygen Resources and Waste Assimilative Capacity of the La Grange Pool, Illinois River. Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, Report of Investigation 64, 1970 Indexing Terms: biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, Illinois, nitrification, oxygen sag, reaeration, rivers, sanitary engineering, time-of-travel, waste assimilative capacity, water management, water pollution, water quality control, water temperature.

Sodium imbalance in drinking water

Abstract: THERE the quality is a of continuous the waters decline of the in of the waters f the Santa Ana River (Santa Ana, Calif.). The waters come through Prado Dam and enter an underground water basin which serves 60 per cent of the population of Orange County, Calif. Total dissolved solids of the natural inflow to the basin from the Santa Ana River as measured at Prado show that total dissolved solids increased from 600 ppm in 1950 to as high as 900 ppm in 1965. During heavy rainy seasons, sewage treatment facilities may be damaged by flooding. Under these conditions, contamination of the surface run-off is inevitable. There is usually some concern about contamination of the underground basin but, to date, that has never happened to the Lower Santa Ana River Basin. Thus the Orange County Water District (OCWD) has been able to devote a major effort to the study of the progressive degradation of the underground water basin due to chemical and other industrial activities in the Upper Santa Ana River Basin. The OCWD's concern is shared also by the Santa Ana River Basin Regional Water Quality Control Board (SARBRWQCB), a state agency with responsibilities to set standards of water quality, to identify changes in water quality, to coordinate the efforts of various agencies to improve water quality and, if necessary, to require corrections.

Effect of solid waste disposal on ground water quality

Abstract: The cities will be strangling in their own rubbish if new, effective, and economic methods of collection, transportation, and disposal are not formulated. Municipal solid wastes are generated at the rate of about seven pounds per capita per day. Americans in a year are disposing of 7 mil automobiles, 26 bil bottles, 48 bil cans, 30 mil tons of paper, and 4 mil tons of plastics. Garbage, paper, even many metals in time can be broken down by natural action. But many materials discarded are not susceptible to such action. Plastics, for example, have an indefinite life span. Right now 3 per cent of all packaging material is plastic, and the percentage is growing. In an effort to reduce litter and enhance our environment, attention is being given to using and developing products, especially containers, which are more easily disposable made of materials readily broken down by bacterial or other action. It is the products of this decomposition which can, if in contact with ground water, cause a degradation of water quality. The potential pollution of ground waters by the products of sanitary landfill refuse decomposition is a problem faced by many large communities in California. Uncontrolled dumping still occurs. Many of these dump sites are in or tributary to areas overlying ground water basins. Ground water basins supply more than half the total water developed for use in California and are of prime importance to the economy of the state. Accordingly, the California State Department of Water Resources undertook a study with the objective of developing plans for protecting the ground water basins from possible impairment by refuse that has been disposed of in sanitary landfills. Before plans can be formulated, however, the production and movement of leachates and gases in various types of landfills must be thoroughly understood. The objective of the first phase of the department's study was to summarize some of the work that has been conducted to determine the effects of

Reducing Land Subsidence in the Wilmington Oil Field by Use of Saline Waters

Abstract: The subsidence at Long Beach encompassed an area of 22 square miles sinkage ranging from 2 feet to 30 feet. The subsidence is attributed to pressure reduction due to oil production from the Wilmington oil field. The injection of saline water has successfully stopped the Long Beach harbor area subsidence. In addition, 15 years experience in injecting saline water into the Wilmington oil field has developed a technology that has successfully made an economic waterflood project. The overall economics have been improved through progress in water quality control to prevent corrosion and scaling and to maintain injectivity. The water quality control learned over the years is now being used to prepare the oil field produced brines for injection. Historically the produced brines have been disposed of into the harbor waters. However, the possibility of pollution of coastal waters exists, not only from contamination due to oil, chemicals, and fines, but also to an oxygen deficiency in the water that would be harmful to fish life. Through December 1968, 2.1 billion barrels of saline water have been injected into the Wilmington oil field (2.5 billion through December 1969). The bulk of this was ocean water produced from source wells open to sands 100 feet to 400 feet deep. The current injection rate of the field is 1.1 million barrels per day. Expanded use of the oil field's produced brine for injection is taking place and 550,000 barrels per day of this brine will replace source well water during 1969. The methods being used to clean the oil field's produced brine include: (1) filtration, (2) re-cycling through the shallow source water beds, and (3) blending with fresh or other saline waters.

Sediment in relation to water quality

Abstract: The relation between sediment and water quality involves the individual relations between sediment and the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water as these characteristics determine the suitability of water for an intended use. Both the physical and chemical properties of fine-grained sediments must be considered in evaluating these relations, whereas only the physical properties of coarse-grained sediments are significant. Most of the literature concerning this subject has considered sediment only as a physical entity. In amount, it is the prime pollutant and is one of the major considerations in evaluating the suitability of water for an intended use. Losses in the United States from sediment and associated flood water damages are measured in billions of dollars annually. Sediments also indirectly affect water suitability through their (physical) influences on biological activity. Fine-grained sediments, that is, clay minerals and amorphous and organic materials, have chemically active surfaces. These sediments may either sorb ions from solution or release ions to solution depending upon the chemical environment. Unfortunately, not enough is known about the ternary system–sediment-water-dissolved chemical load–to adequately define its influence on either the biological characteristics of water or the suitability of water for various long-term uses. This paper attempts to define the problems concerning the role of sediment in this ternary system.

Eutrophication Modelling Of A TidallyInfluenced Mangrove Area In Bali Subject ToMajor Dredging And Reclamation Activities

Abstract: A large fashionable tourist resort area is under construction at Benoa Bay, Bali. The location is an island called Turtle Island, which is an enlargement of the existing Serangan Island. Extensive dredging operations of surrounding sea bed are needed for land reclamation, resulting in a general change in current pattern and water exchange for the Benoa Bay and the strait between the coast and Turtle Island. Prediction of the water quality before and after construction was accomplished in order to find the preferable of three layouts from an environmental point of view. The existing Serangan Island is relatively small, with no tourism and inhabited by a small number of local people. The shallow waters around the island are covered by benthic vegetation. A coral reef to the east of Serangan Island forms a border to the ocean. The water quality in terms of benthic vegetation, concentrations of phytoplankton, nutrients, dissolved oxygen and water turbidity was modelled using the MIKE 21 eutrophication model. The water quality was predicted to improve in the strait between the coast and the island due to increased flushing of the dredged channels. On the other hand, the improved flushing resulted in a larger spreading of the nutrients and deterioration of the -water quality north and south of the proposed construction site. Lagoons proposed for leisure crafts also showed a deterioration of the water quality. For a lagoon close to a conservation area of the reef a large decrease in submerged vegetation was predicted. One layout was finally recommended as the optimal combining the various modelling results and results of other related studies.