Showing papers on "Xylopia aethiopica published in 1999"

Chemical composition of seeds and oil of Xylopia aethiopica grown in Nigeria.

Abstract: The chemical composition and mineral constituents of Xylopia aethiopica, which is valued as a spice in Nigeria, were determined along with the physicochemical characteristics of the seed oil. The seeds had the following chemical compositions moisture (8.43 g/100 g), ash (5.89 g/100 g), crude lipid (9.58 g/100 g), crude protein (12.45 g/100 g) crude fiber (8.66 g/100 g) and carbohydrate (63.65 g/100 g). Calcium and potassium were the major minerals in the seed. The extracted lipid was examined for fatty acid composition. Linoleic (45.1 g/100 g) and oleic (26.5 g/100 g) acids were the predominant unsaturated fatty acids, while palmitic acid (18.0 g/100 g) was the major saturated acid. The iodine value of 97 g/100 g indicates that the seed oil is a non-drying type.

Characterization of the Key Aroma Compounds in Dried Fruits of the West African Peppertree Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae) Using Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis

Abstract: Application of aroma extract dilution analysis on an extract of the dried fruits of the West African peppertree Xylopia aethiopica obtained by extraction with diethyl ether followed by sublimation in vacuo revealed 28 odor-active compounds in the flavor dilution (FD) factor range of 4−8192, all of which could be identified. The highest FD factor was found for linalol (floral), followed by (E)-β-ocimene (flowery), α-farnesene (sweet, flowery), β-pinene (terpeny), α-pinene (pine needle-like), myrtenol (flowery), and β-phellandrene (terpeny). Vanillin (vanilla-like) and 3-ethylphenol (smoky, phenolic) showing somewhat lower FD factors (FD = 128) were detected for the first time as constituents of the dried fruit. Keywords: Xylopia aethiopica; West African peppertree; aroma extract dilution analysis; linalol; α-farnesene; (E)-β-ocimene

Identification of the key aroma compounds in dried fruits of Xylopia aethiopic

Abstract: A.O. Tairu, T. Hofmann, and P. Schieberle*West African “Peppertree” [ Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich, Annonaceae] is a slim, tall tree of about60–70 cm in diameter and up to 15–30 m high with straight stem and a slightly stripped or smooth bark. It iswidely distributed in the humid forest zones of West Africa especially along rivers in the dry country sides(Irvine 1961). Xylopia aethiopica has a wide variety of application, the very odorous roots of the plant areemployed in West Africa in tinctures, administered orally to expel worms and other parasitic animals from theintestines, or in teeth-rinsing and mouth-wash extracts against toothaches. The fruits are also used in variousforms and exhibit revulsive properties, especially when mashed with grains. These properties are used advan-tageously in the external treatment of rheumatism. Crushed powdered fruits can also be mixed with sheabutter fat and coconut oil and used as creams, cosmetic products, and perfumes (Burkill 1985), and the driedfruits are also used as spices in the preparation of two special local soups named “obe ata” and “isi-ewu”taken widely in the southwest and southeastern parts of Nigeria.Ekong and Ogan (1968), were the first to report on the chemical composition of Xylopia aethiopica, andseveral publications have appeared subsequently on this subject. A number of diterpenes from the bark, fruits,and pericarp of the plant have been reported, Faulkner et al. (1985); Rabunmi and Pieeru (1992); Harrigan etal. (1994). Ekundayo (1989) published a review of the volatiles in a number of Annonaceae species amongwhich includes Xylopia aethiopica and, reported that they consist mainly of mono and sesquiterpenoids withtypical constituents being a- and b-pinene, myrcene, p-cymene, limonene, linalool, and 1,8-cineole. Recently,two new sesquiterpenes, elemol and guaiol (among other terpenes) were found in the essential oil of the fruitfrom the Republic of Benin (Ayedoun et al. 1996) while Jirovetz et al. (1997) gave a semblance of the aromanote from the essential oil in the fruit of Xylopia aethiopica from Cameroon.No attempt had been undertaken to rank the volatiles in their flavor contribution. In order to detect thesecompounds, volatiles isolated from the crushed dried fruits of Xylopia aethiopica from Nigeria have beenanalyzed by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography (HRGC) and eluate sniffing.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESChemicalsThe reference compounds of the odorants listed in the tables were obtained from the various suppliersgiven in parentheses: no. 2, 6, 8, 11, 16, 17, 22, and 24, (Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany); no. 7, 10, 19, 20, and23 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany); no. 9, 26, and 27 (Lancaster, Muhlheim, Germany); no. 4, 5, 18, and 25(Fulka, Neu-Ulm, Germany); no. 1, 14, and 15 (Alfa Products, Karlsruhe, Germany). a-Farnesene was a gift.Isolation of the Volatile OilThe smoked, dried fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (6 g) were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen andfinely powdered by means of a commercial blendor (Janke & Kunkel, Stanfen). The powder was extractedwith solvent mixture of methanol, water, and dichloromethane. The extract (organic phase) was dried oversodium sulfate and concentrated on a Vigreux column (50 cm × 1 cm internal diameter) and the volatilesisolated by sublimation in vacuo using the equipment described by Guth and Grosch (1989).Separation of Volatiles into Acidic and Neutral/Basic FractionsBy treatment of the distillate with aqueous sodium bicarbonate (Hofmann and Schieberle 1995), a frac-tion of the acidic volatiles (fraction AV) and of the neutral/basic volatiles (fraction N/B) were obtained. After

Inhibition of Fungal Colonization of Stored Peanut Kernels with Products from Some Medicinal/Culinary Plants

Abstract: Products from five medicinal/culinary plants—Citrus aurantifolia fruit peel oil, Cymbopogon nardus leaf oil, Ocimum gratissimum leaf powder, Xylopia aethiopica fruit powder, and Syzigium aromaticum clove powder—were tested for activity against fungal colonization of stored peanut. The natural microflora of kernels were supplemented with a norsolorinic acid (NOR) mutant of Aspergillus parasiticus before treatment with the various plant products. Treated kernels were stored at 5.7% moisture content in mini-polyethylene bags for 11 mo. Of the five plant products, the Syzigium clove powder proved to be most efficacious. After 4 mo storage, a low colony-forming unit (CFU) value of 0.601 log units of NOR A. parasiticus was recorded per gram of kernels treated with the powder. Significantly higher CFU values (P ≤ 0.05) were associated with kernels that received no plant product (3.099 log units) and kernels treated with the other plant products(1.459–2.930 log units). CFU of total fungi, superficial fun...

Effect of preservation with Xylopia aethiopica on the shelf life of cowpea seeds.

Abstract: A popular cowpea variety-Ife-brown was used for experiments. Optimal concentration of Xylopia aethiopica required for storage of whole cowpea seeds was determined in petri dishes. Whole cowpea seeds were stored in white and black polyethylene bags [WPB and BPB), clay pots (CP) and plastic cans (PC) using 0.5 g Xylopia aethiopica dust per 100 g cowpeas. Physico-chemical properties of the seeds were monitored on a biweekly basis for 24 weeks. By the end of the storage period, increase in the moisture content of cowpeas stored in PC was found to be the lowest (38%). while that of BPB was the highest (205%). Seeds stored in PC retained 92% of their viability, while those stored in BPB were no longer viable. Seeds stored in CP had the highest number of insect emergent holes. Reconstitutability and foam properties of cowpea seeds stored in BPB and CP were markedly lowered. PC and WPB were better storage containers than CP and BPB. Seeds stored with X. aethiopica were more acceptable than controls.